基于BP神经网络人参栽培中土壤肥效模型的研究

以人参栽培智能化为对象,介绍了BP神经网络在人参栽培中对预测人参土壤肥效的应用,从而指导人参生产栽培。     

Habitat structure and prey aggregation determine the functional response in a soil predator-prey interaction

Functional responses describe the per capita consumption rates of predators depending on prey density, which quantifies the energy transfer between trophic levels. We studied a typical interaction of the litter-soil systems between hunting spiders (Pardosa lugubris; Araneae: Lycosidae) and springtails (Heteromurus nitidus; Collembola: Entomobryidae) at varying habitat structure, i.e. with moss vs. without moss. We found a hyperbolic increase in consumption (functional response type II) in the treatment without habitat structure that was converted into a roller-coaster (or dome-shaped in a broad sense) functional response in treatments with habitat structure. Additional experiments suggest that the reduced per capita consumption rates at high prey densities may be explained by aggregative defence behaviour of the springtails. Experimentally, this behaviour was induced by the presence of habitat structure. We analyzed the net-energy gain of this predator-prey interaction by comparing the predator’s metabolic energy loss to its energy gain by consumption. In treatments with habitat structure, the net-energy gain of the predator was limited at intermediate prey densities where prey aggregation reduced the consumption rates. Our results stress the importance of habitat structure and prey behaviour in shaping the functional response in a typical soil-litter predator-prey interaction.     

Impact of litter quality on mineralization processes in managed and abandoned pasture soils in Southern Ecuador

Tropical regions are currently undergoing remarkable rates of land use change accompanied by altered litter inputs to soil. In vast areas of Southern Ecuador forests are clear cut and converted for use as cattle pastures. Frequently these pasture sites are invaded by bracken fern, when bracken becomes dominant pasture productivity decreases and the sites are abandoned. In the present study implications of invasive bracken on soil biogeochemical properties were investigated. Soil samples (0-5 cm) were taken from an active pasture with Setaria sphacelata as predominant grass and from an abandoned pasture overgrown by bracken. Grass (C₄ plant) and bracken (C₃ plant) litter, differing in C:N ratio (33 and 77, respectively) and lignin content (Klason-lignin: 18% and 45%, respectively), were incubated in soils of their corresponding sites and vice versa for 28 days at 22 °C. Unamended microcosms containing only the respective soil or litter were taken as controls. During incubation the amount of CO₂ and its δ¹³C-signature were determined at different time intervals. Additionally, the soil microbial community structure (PLFA-analysis) as well as the concentrations of KCl-extractable C and N were monitored. The comparison between the control soils of active and abandoned pasture sites showed that the massive displacement of Setaria-grass by bracken after pasture abandonment was characterized by decreased pH values accompanied by decreased amounts of readily available organic carbon and nitrogen, a lower microbial biomass and decreased activity as well as a higher relative abundance of actinomycetes. The δ¹³C-signature of CO₂ indicated a preferential mineralization of grass-derived organic carbon in pasture control soils. In soils amended with grass litter the mineralization of soil organic matter was retarded (negative priming effect) and also a preferential utilization of easily available organic substances derived from the grass litter was evident. Compared to the other treatments, the pasture soil amended with grass litter showed an opposite shift in the microbial community structure towards a lower relative abundance of fungi. After addition of bracken litter to the abandoned pasture soil a positive priming effect seemed to be supported by an N limitation at the end of incubation. This was accompanied by an increase in the ratio of Gram-positive to Gram-negative bacterial PLFA marker. The differences in litter quality between grass and bracken are important triggers of changes in soil biogeochemical and soil microbial properties after land use conversion.     

Indirect host effect on ectomycorrhizal fungi: Leaf fall and litter quality explain changes in fungal communities on the roots of co-occurring Mediterranean oaks

Host trees can modify their soil abiotic conditions through their leaf fall quality which in turn may influence the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal community composition. We investigated this indirect interaction using a causal modelling approach. We identified ECM fungi on the roots of two coexisting oak species growing in two forests in southern Spain - Quercus suber (evergreen) and Quercus canariensis (winter deciduous)-using a PCR-based molecular method. We also analysed the leaf fall, litter and soil sampled beneath the tree canopies to determine the concentrations of key nutrients. The total mycorrhizal pool was comprised of 69 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Tomentella and Russula were the most species-rich, frequent and abundant genera. ECM fungi with epigeous and resupinate fruiting bodies were found in 60% and 34% of the identified mycorrhizas, respectively. The calcium content of litter, which was significantly higher beneath the winter-deciduous oak species due to differences in leaf fall quality, was the most important variable for explaining ECM species distribution. The evaluation of alternative causal models by the d-sep method revealed that only those considering indirect leaf fall-mediated host effects statistically matched the observed covariation patterns between host, environment (litter, topsoil, subsoil) and fungal community variables.     

转盘锤磨机的研发及应用

天然标准橡胶加工的锤磨搓揉、除杂是天然橡胶生产中的关键环节。锤磨机广泛应用于大型天然橡胶初加工生产线,其锤磨搓揉、造粒除杂效果是转盘锤磨机的重要指标,直接影响绉片等后序工艺的加工质量。研发的转盘锤磨机提高了胶块搓揉、造粒、除杂效果及改善了生产工艺,同时也提高了产品质量和产量。     

石斛疫病农药防治田间药效试验

田间试验表明,参试农药68.75%银法利SC800倍液、1000倍液、1500倍液和甲霜灵·锰锌800倍液对石斛疫病均有防效,其中银法利800倍液在病害初期3次施药后防效最高,可达85.32%,与同药剂1000倍液处理呈显著差异,但两者都极显著优于银法利1500倍液和甲霜灵·锰锌处理。     

青蛙放养个体大小对稻蛙共育效益的影响

稻蛙共育是一种新的生态稻作模式,高产高效,但在青蛙繁育过程中,由于个体差异,造成稻田可套养时单体质量低于100 g的青蛙数量较多。针对这一情况,笔者对稻田放养单体质量低于100 g青蛙对治虫、养殖效益的影响开展了对比试验。结果表明,稻蛙共育中采用单体质量75g的青蛙放养是可行的,能基本达到100 g单体质量青蛙的放养效果。     

提高动物学实验教学效果的探索

动物学实验是动物学教学的重要环节,与教学效果密切相关。本文从准备动物实验材料、提高学生的主观能动性、注重应用现代教学手段及室内外学习相结合等方面阐述了如何提高动物学实验教学效果。     

烟草黑胫病生防菌的筛选鉴定及其防效

从毒鹅膏菌(Amanita phalloides)栖生土壤中分离筛选烟草疫霉(Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae)拮抗菌株,通过盆栽试验考察拮抗菌株对烟草黑胫病的防效。结果表明：从毒鹅膏菌栖生土壤中分离筛选的DE4–5菌株对烟草疫霉的抑菌率达78.22%;DE4–5具有广谱抗真菌活性;依据DE4–5的形态和生化特征初步判断为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas),结合16S rDNA保守序列及辅助gyrA基因片段序列分析,确定DE4–5为亚麻假单胞菌,定名为Pseudomonas lini DE4–5;生物活性测定显示,菌株DE4–5具有解磷和解钾能力,产IAA、蛋白酶、纤维素酶和脲酶;盆栽试验结果表明,菌株DE4–5预防组与治疗组的烟草黑胫病发病率分别为24.79%和39.24%,病情指数分别为26.31%和29.37%,防效分别达到69.14%和63.98%。     

施肥方式对不同密度下玉米光合生理的影响

为进一步研究玉米品种登海605不同密度和施肥方式对光合生理的影响,挖掘其增产潜力,建立高产栽培模式。本试验设计5个密度处理（D1、D2、D3、D4、D5）、3种施肥方式处理（S1：农大缓释肥、S2：分次施肥、S3：一次性施肥）,并对不同处理的光合指标、叶面积指数、光合有效辐射、透光率等指标进行测定,结果表明：不同的施肥方式上层、中层、下层光合指标变化规律表现一致,各层次表现为上层>中层>下层,S2>S1>S3,玉米植株上层无论哪种处理都能获得足够的光能和CO2,光合指标相差不大,适宜的密度和施肥方式将获得更多的光能、有效辐射,合成有机物,形成更多的干物质积累,从而提高产量。