Belowground carbon allocation patterns in a dry Mediterranean ecosystem: A comparison of two models

Total belowground C allocation (TBCA) accounts for a large fraction of gross primary production, it may overtake aboveground net primary production, and contributes to the primary source of detrital C in the mineral soil. Here, we measure soil respiration, water erosion, litterfall and estimate annual changes in C stored in mineral soil, litter and roots, in three representative land uses in a Mediterranean ecosystem (late-successional forest, abandoned agricultural field, rain-fed olive grove), and use two C balance approaches (steady-state and non-steady-state) to estimate TBCA. Both TBCA approaches are compared to assess how different C fluxes (outputs and inputs) affect our estimates of TBCA within each land use. In addition, annual net primary productivity is determined and C allocation patterns are examined for each land use. We hypothesized that changes in C stored in mineral soil, litter and roots will be slight compared to soil respiration, but will still have a significant effect on the estimates of TBCA. Annual net primary productivity was 648 ± 31.5, 541 ± 42.3 and 324 ± 22.3 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹ for forest, abandoned agricultural field and olive grove, respectively. Across land uses, more than 60% of the C was allocated belowground. Soil respiration (F_S) was the largest component in the TBCA approaches across all land uses. Annual C losses through water erosion were negligible compared to F_S (less than 1%) and had little effect on the estimates of TBCA. Annual changes in C stored in the soil, litter layer and roots were low compared to F_S (16, 24 and 10% for forest, abandoned agricultural field and olive grove, respectively), but had a significant effect on the estimates of TBCA. In our sites, an assumption that Δ[C_S + C_R + C_L]/Δt = 0 will underestimate TBCA, particularly in the abandoned agricultural field, where soil C storage may be increasing more rapidly. Therefore, the steady-state model is unsuited to these Mediterranean ecosystems and the full model is recommended.     

基于数量化理论和BP神经网络的滑坡体积预测

[目的]探讨数量化理论Ⅲ和BP神经网络在滑坡中综合应用的效果,为滑坡体积的预测提供一种新的思路。[方法]采用数量化理论Ⅲ分析滑坡体积的影响因素及其耦合作用强度,并结合其分析结果,将次要因素和强耦合程度样本进行剔除,再依据其剔除的不同阶段构建3种滑坡体积的BP神经网络预测模型。[结果]滑坡体积的主要影响因素是坡角、坡向、植被覆盖率和坡高,次要影响因素是岩层倾角、斜坡高程和岩层倾向因素,且在不同样本中,体积影响因素之间的耦合程度具有一定的差异。[结论]该预测方法可行,对次要因素和强耦合程度样本的剔除,提高了预测精度。     

Rehabilitation of a lignite mine‐disturbed area in the Indian desert

Extensive lignite mining in the Indian (Thar) Desert commenced within the past decade. Accompanying extraction of this valuable resource there have been visible, important environmental impacts. The resultant land degradation has prompted concern from both public and regulatory bodies. This research assesses the success of rehabilitation plans implemented to revegetate a lignite mine‐disturbed area, near the village of Giral in western Rajasthan State. Rehabilitation success was achieved within the environmental constraints of this northwest Indian hot‐desert ecosystem using a combination of: (1) backfilling (abandoned pits) with minespoil and of covering the backfilled‐surfaces with fresh topsoil to a thickness of about 0·30 m; (2) use of micro‐catchment rainwater harvesting (MCWH) technique; (3) soil profile modification approaches; (4) plant establishment methodologies; and (5) the selection of appropriate germplasm material (trees, shrubs and grasses). Preliminary results indicate that the resulting vegetative cover will be capable of self‐perpetuation under natural conditions while at the same time meeting the land‐use requirements of the local people. The minespoil is alkaline in nature and has high electrical conductance. The average content of organic carbon, N, P and K is lower than in the regional topsoil. However, the concentration of Ca, Mg, Na and total S in the minespoil is much higher than in the topsoil. Further, the spoil material has no biological activity. Enhanced plant growth was achieved in MCWH plots, compared to control plots, where minespoil moisture storage was improved by 18–43 per cent. The rehabilitation protocol used at the site appears to have been successful because, in addition to the planted species, desirable native invasive species have become established. This study developed methods for the rehabilitation of lignite mine‐disturbed areas and has also resulted in an understanding of rehabilitation processes in arid regions with an emphasis on the long‐term monitoring of rehabilitation success. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黄河下游地区土地利用和生态系统服务价值的时空演变

基于黄河下游地区1990-2015年土地利用分类数据,运用土地利用变化动态度、土地利用转移矩阵,探究不同土地利用类型的变化程度及转移情况,运用当量因子法、热点分析、重心模型、地理探测器探究黄河下游地区县域尺度生态系统服务价值的时空演变及其空间分异。结果表明：1）耕地、草地、未利用地面积逐渐减少,建设用地面积增加,耕地是建设用地面积增加的主要贡献者,建设用地扩张存在侵占耕地的现象。2）从时间尺度看,地区生态系统服务价值逐年减少;从空间尺度看,县域尺度的高值区逐渐减少,低值区逐渐增加;从地均生态系统服务价值的变化率来看,大部分县区的地均生态系统服务价值呈现持续降低趋势。3）地均生态系统服务价值的高值区与低值区空间集聚程度明显,但有逐渐弱化的趋势;生态系统服务价值的重心始终分布在山东省郓城县,重心迁移与两地区之间生态系统服务价值变化差值有关。4）黄河下游地区县域尺度地均生态系统服务价值空间分异受自然因素和社会经济因素共同作用的影响,是不同驱动因子共同作用的结果,其中人为综合影响指数对区域生态系统服务空间分异的影响最大。     

天然林保育理论基础研究

在我国,天然林资源所占森林资源比重大,质量却不高,天然林保育是森林可持续经营的必然选择。为此在界定天然林与天然林保育术语的基础上,论述了森林更新演替、森林可持续经营、生态系统经营、近自然经营、分类经营、保护生物学与景观生态学理论等,是天然林保育的基础理论,应依此确定森林经营实践的支撑技术,以实现我国天然林森林可持续经营目标。     

石家庄市森林生态服务价值评估及预测

根据石家庄市森林资源清查数据及相关统计资料,对石家庄森林生态系统服务进行价值评估及预测。结果表明:2005年石家庄森林生态系统服务总价值为184.98亿元/a;从森林资源空间分布看,森林生态服务价值分布严重不均衡,价值较大的区域主要集中在平山县、辛集市、灵寿县、赞皇县、晋州市和赵县等森林资源丰富的6个县(市);从各项服务价值构成来看,调节气候服务价值最大,各项森林生态系统服务价值大小排序为调节气候净化大气环境固碳释氧涵养水源保育土壤森林游憩。根据石家庄森林资源现状和城市森林建设规划,分析和预测了20年间石家庄森林生态服务价值的动态变化,表明随着森林面积、森林覆盖率和活立木蓄积量的提高,生态服务总价值和人均生态受益价值都将得到提高。为了充分发挥森林潜在生态功能,在今后应加强森林保护,扩大森林贫乏区造林面积,丰富造林树种,通过森林结构调整提升森林质量。     

A Study on Water Exchange in Root Zone of ProtectiveForest Ecosystem in Loess Area

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恩施州森林生态系统间接经济价值评估

分析与评价一个地区森林的间接经济价值是当前生态经济学研究的重要课题。根据森林生态系统服务价值的计算方法,估算出恩施州森林生态系统间接经济价值为9.948 1×108元/年,其大小顺序依次为:保护生物多样性>固CO2释O2>育土保肥>水土保持>净化空气。评估森林间接经济价值旨在强调森林的生态功能,促进以可持续发展战略为重点的科学发展观,为核算绿色GDP奠定基础。     

森林有害生物生态控制

从森林生物灾害与森林生态系统功能的关系、森林病虫害防治历史、社会对森林病虫害防治策略以及森林经营目标的需求出发,系统化森林有害生物控制策略———生态控制;定义森林有害生物生态控制;分析森林有害生物生态控制的特点、理论基础以及技术基石;认为自然控制论和自组织理论是森林有害生物生态控制的理论基础,森林有害生物生态控制的技术基石是森林生态系统管理;对森林有害生物生态控制遵循的原则进行讨论,包括生态系统原则、协调性原则、生态平衡原则、生态位原则、环境保护原则、协同进化原则、林副产品安全原则、生态系统稳定性原则、生态系统的高功能原则(生产力、经济效益、生态效益、社会效益)、森林生态系统生物灾害的可持续控制原则;对森林有害生物生态控制及其适用条件进行评价。森林有害生物生态控制与森林有害生物综合管理相比具有多项优点,是未来森林有害生物控制的主要方向,具有广阔的前景。     

船舶兴波导致红树林生态系统退化的机理

通过分析波浪在林内和光滩上传播途径,阐述了船舶引起的频繁巨浪造成红树植物死亡、林内动物种群和数量减少、滩涂断层及红树植物难以自然扩展等生态系统退化机理;在此基础上提出消除和减少船舶兴波对红树林生态系统危害的有效对策。