山东省农田生态系统碳源、碳汇及其碳足迹变化分析

依据2002—2013年山东省17地市农业投入、播种面积以及作物产量等统计数据,对全省各地市农田生态系统进行碳源、碳汇估算,从中分析其变化规律,并探讨造成碳源、碳汇时空变化的影响因素。结果表明:山东省农田系统具备较强的碳汇能力,碳吸收量明显高于碳排放量,两者的总量之比为4.32∶1;碳吸收量和碳汇量呈增加趋势,碳排放量和碳足迹呈降低趋势;农田生态系统表现出较大的碳生态盈余,碳足迹占同期耕地面积的比值呈现降低趋势,2002年为27.71%,2013年为20.96%;17地市之间单位面积碳汇量和单位面积碳足迹存在明显差异,2013年单位面积碳汇量最高的为德州市(6.20t/hm~2)、最低为威海市(3.02t/hm~2),单位面积碳足迹最高的威海市为0.26hm~2/hm~2、最低的泰安市为0.08hm~2/hm~2。     

理明拳法精——浅谈太极拳入门的练习方法

太极拳以中国传统文化为理论依据,集拳法、功法、用法于一体.无论在技术、生理、力学上都有相当哲理存在.因此练拳须明理,只有在拳理指导下,才能找到正确的练习方法,以免误入歧途.文章将从三个方面分析如何在拳理指导下修炼太极拳方法问题,以供习练者参考研究.一为明无极之理,通过静站无极桩等产生内气,培养太极拳内涵意识.二为静练慢练,养练结合,来认识技击规律,揣摩规范动作,调节习练者心态情志.三为练拳必修功,拳功一体.练功以丹田为核心,培养内气,达到内外合一,上下相随,周身一害,混元一体的境界.     

生物入侵的现状及其危害与防治

简述国内外生物入侵现状、国际上对生物入侵的研究状况,概述生物入侵的危害及引起生物入侵的因素,提出加强生物入侵防治的对策。     

转Bt基因作物毒蛋白对根际土壤生态系统影响研究进展

随着商业化转Bt基因作物的大规模种植,研究Bt毒蛋白对土壤生态系统的可能影响,对评价转基因作物的生态风险具有重大意义。文章综述了转Bt基因作物对根际土壤生态系统影响的研究进展,包括毒蛋白在根际土壤中的存活特性,微生物利用与降解,以及毒蛋白对根际土壤微生物区系和酶活性的影响。并对以后的研究提出几点建议。     

辽宁省主要地区农田生态系统氮负荷的研究

利用辽宁省统计年鉴以及文献相关数据,通过农田养分收支平衡的计算,使用GIS工具,探讨辽宁省各地区农田生态系统的氮平衡变化.结果表明,辽宁省2007-2009年的平均总氮输入量是1.40E+ 09kg/a,平均总氮输出量是9.28E +08kg/a,平均总氮负荷是4.68E +08kg/a;其中,由使用化肥所产生的氮输入占总氮输入量的56.75％,有机肥氮占总氮输入量的18.73％.平均单位面积的氮输入量为358.94kg/(hm2·a),平均单位面积的氮输出量为240.37kg/(hm2·a),平均氮负荷为118.57kg/(hm2·a).通过对辽宁省14个地区农田生态系统的氮负荷研究,可以预测出不同地区的农田氮负荷对辽河流域水环境以及地下水的潜在威胁,对农田非点源污染的管理与预防具有重大意义.     

Bridging the divide: Social–ecological coherence in Marine Protected Area network design

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Artificial reef placement: a red snapper,Lutjanus campechanus,ecosystem and fuzzy rule‐based model

Abstract This study on reef placement involves two aspects: (1) the development of a bioenergetics model for red snapper, Lutjanus campechanus (Poey), in Gulf of Mexico waters off the coast of Alabama, where significant numbers of artificial reefs are thought to exist, and (2) a fuzzy rough set model by which parameters determined from the bioenergetics model can provide a decision tool for optimally spacing artificial reefs during deployment. The bioenergetics and consumption rates of L. campechanus by age class foraging on artificial reefs in the Gulf of Mexico off the coast of Alabama provided input into the fuzzy rule‐based model. After conducting multiple simulations, highest certainty in optimal reef spacing was achieved for reef distances between 0.50 and 0.95 km such that no more than two fit within a 1‐km² area. Results can inform fisheries managers about placement of artificial reefs to affect the health and survival of reef‐associated species.     

An ecosystem modelling approach to deriving viable harvest strategies for multispecies management of the Northern Gulf of California

• 1. An ecosystem analysis was developed focusing on resource exploitation and biodiversity conservation for the Northern Gulf of California. The main tools employed were a trophic ecosystem model and time dynamic simulations.
• 2. The ecosystem was represented by an Ecopath model that included 34 functional groups, from primary producers to top predators. It included relevant species in the area such as commercially important shrimp (e.g. Litopenaeus stylirostris) and highly endangered species (Phocoena sinus and Totoaba macdonaldi).
• 3. Temporal simulations of changing fishing effort allowed the evaluation of fishing impact on the ecosystem components and, particularly, on protected species. Formal optimization methods were applied with the purpose of searching viable temporal patterns of fishing effort that might minimize social, economic and conservationist conflicts in the area.
• 4. The results of those simulations showed the capability of the model to represent reference temporal series of relative biomass. The search for viable fishing strategies resulted in effort allocation consistent with those proposed by other studies; that is, a decrease in the industrial shrimp fleet (35–65%), a decrease in the gillnet fishing fleet (52–57%), and an increase of the artisanal shrimp fishery (63–222%).
• 5. The main conflicts in the Northern Gulf of California seem to take place between social and conservation interests, while the economic and ecological benefits seem to be relatively independent. The next steps towards conflict resolution and ecosystem management should consider the design and operation of MPAs already established in the region.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

自动打捆机的关键自由曲面数控加工技术应用

为不断提升自动打捆机的使用寿命与作业效率,从数控技术理论角度对自动打捆机的关键自由曲面进行识别与加工优化。在充分理解打捆机结构组成与硬件控制装置的基础上,考虑加工过程残余高度机理,建立关键自由曲面理论函数与物理模型,从误差补偿、刀具路径、切削刀具、加工顺序及CNC程序编制5个方面逐一按照加工工艺要求选择,并融入约束条件核心算法,进行关键自由曲面数控加工仿真试验。结果表明:整体加工时间较常规加工方法有明显减少,由4.71min缩短至3.79min;同时,切削长度经合理的规划与计算,由1 821.59mm缩短至1 5 4 6.2 3 mm,空刀路径由2 4 5.3 2 mm缩短至8 6.1 2 mm,加工效率约提升1 2%,关键曲面数控加工优化效果明显,具有一定的推广价值。