Analysis of Urban Reconstruction Based on Game Theory

The management of urban reconstruction is a process of game between the government and developers.It is helpful that the interest and its equilibrium for the relative parties involved in the reconstruction process are considered during the formation of government policy.This paper analyzes the environment for the policy constitution and establishes a model for strategy making based on the game theory.This model provides a basic foundation to improve the management ability of the government in the reconstruction process.Finally,in this paper some strategic issues are suggested to cope with the challenges from urban reconstruction in China.     

基于地学信息图谱的山东省国土空间转型分析

开展国土空间转型研究对综合评估国土空间变化、探求人类活动与国土空间变化系统的耦合规律具有重要意义。以山东省为研究区,基于多期土地利用遥感监测数据,对该省国土三生空间进行分类评价,运用地学信息图谱论并结合转型理念,分析并揭示了1980—2018年国土空间时空转型特征。结果表明：山东省国土以农业生产空间为主,城镇生活空间扩张幅度显著高于农村生活空间,水域生态空间和工矿生产空间面积波动变化,其他生态空间面积持续性下降;不同时间段表现出不同的国土空间转型特点,2000—2018年比1980—2000年转型更为强烈。1980—2000年以农业生产空间转型至生活空间、生态空间转型至生产空间为主,2000—2018年则主要为生活空间与生产空间、生产空间与生态空间的交互转型;1980—2000年涨势图谱主要为工矿生产空间、农业生产空间和城镇生活空间,2000—2018年新增国土总面积为1980—2000年的3.42倍,其中农村和城镇生活空间分别增长至4.29倍和2.65倍;城镇生活空间落势图谱面积均偏低,而农村生活空间萎缩面积持续增长、生态空间迅速萎缩。     

基于1961—2100年SPI和SPEI的云南省干旱特征评估

干旱是一个缓慢发展持续时间长的极端气候事件,而气候变化对干旱的影响尤为显著,评估气候变化对云南省干旱特征的影响尤为重要。使用多时间尺度的标准化降水指数（SPI）和标准降水蒸散指数（SPEI）分析了云南省的干旱状况,运用非超越概率和游程理论分别分析了SPI和SPEI的季节性变化和研究区域内的干旱特征。结果表明：1961—1995年冬季SPEI(1)小于等于-1.0的非超越概率为5.2%,但在2066—2100年增加到18.4%;SPEI(6)小于等于-1.0的非超越概率从4.4%增加到21.4%,SPEI(24)从7.0%增加到25.7%。表明由于气候变化,未来有可能发生严重干旱,且中长期干旱比短期干旱更严重。气候变化在1961—1995年和2066—2100年的冬季和夏季造成严重干旱,且中长期干旱严重程度在整个冬季和夏季尤为明显。将SPI和SPEI的时间序列应用于游程理论,发现1961—1995年SPEI(1)的干旱烈度为28.3,到2066—2100年达到60.9,表明气候变化使未来干旱加剧。本研究结果对云南省干旱预测、评估及其风险管理和应用决策具有指导性和实用性,同时可为未来旱作农业生态管理提供一定的依据。     

基于改进综合赋权法的塔里木河流域“三源一干”水资源承载力评价

科学客观的评价流域水资源承载力,对于合理、高效利用水资源,促进经济社会的可持续发展具有重要意义。根据干旱区水资源特点,并结合塔里木河流域实际情况,建立了涵盖4个方面、12项指标的水资源承载力评价体系。利用可变模糊集理论与综合赋权法对研究区不同水平年水资源承载力进行评价,结果表明:2015年,阿克苏河流域与塔里木河干流水资源承载力评价等级为2级,和田河流域与叶尔羌河流域水资源承载力已达到2～3级,若继续恶化必将阻碍流域可持续发展;至2035年,叶尔羌河流域与和田河流域水资源承载力等级均为2级,表明研究区水资源复合系统有好转趋势,承载力有所增强;阿克苏河流域水资源承载力评价等级为2级,水资源复合系统相对稳定;塔里木河干流水资源承载力等级稳定在2级,说明该流域水资源系统可支撑当地生产生活与生态用水。所建模型评价结果稳定、精准程度高,研究结果为流域水资源优化配置提供了重要参考。     

基于GIS与RS的北方防沙屏障带生态系统格局演变

研究北方防沙屏障带生态系统格局演变特征,对加强屏障带建设、改善生态环境具有重要意义。以北方防沙屏障带为研究区,根据2005、2010、2015年MODIS遥感影像,将北方防沙屏障带生态系统类型划分为森林、草地、湿地、农田、城镇、荒漠和裸地7类。采用空间统计、转移矩阵、景观指数分析法、PNTIL模型等方法,对北方防沙屏障带2005—2015年生态系统类型时空演变特征进行分析。结果表明,2005—2015年北方防沙屏障带生态系统整体呈稳定状态;从分屏障带看,内蒙古防沙屏障带荒漠面积明显减少,塔里木防沙屏障带森林面积迅速增加,而河西走廊防沙屏障带草地面积明显增加;从正/逆转换方向来看,屏障带内农田、城镇、荒漠及裸地生态系统正向转换率高于逆向转换率。10年间,在景观水平上,北方防沙屏障带斑块数量、斑块密度呈减少趋势;在类型水平上荒漠景观整体呈现破碎化萎缩的趋势特征,森林、草地向形状简单化的方向发展。研究表明,2005—2015年,北方防沙屏障带生态总体向好,治沙效果明显,但局部仍面临较大压力。     

冗余驱动的三平动并联机构性能分析与优化

提出一种冗余驱动的三平动并联机构。利用李群理论和修正的Grübler-Kutzbach公式对机构的输出自由度进行了分析。建立机构的位置方程,得到位置逆解和正解表达式,分析机构的运动部分解耦特性。推导机构的雅可比矩阵,并进行奇异分析。分析机构的工作空间。采用螺旋理论和虚功原理,建立机构的动力学模型,得到驱动力的优化分配,驱动力理论分析与仿真计算结果最大偏差为0.6%。建立机构的运动学评价指标和动力学评价指标,并研究尺度参数与机构性能间的映射关系。基于性能图谱对机构的尺度参数进行优化,提高其综合性能。     

Upscaling as ecological information transfer: a simple framework with application to Arctic ecosystem carbon exchange

Transferring ecological information across scale often involves spatial aggregation, which alters information content and may bias estimates if the scaling process is nonlinear. Here, a potential solution, the preservation of the information content of fine-scale measurements, is highlighted using modeled net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of an Arctic tundra landscape as an example. The variance of aggregated normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), measured from an airborne platform, decreased linearly with log(scale), resulting in a linear relationship between log(scale) and the scale-wise modeled NEE estimate. Preserving three units of information, the mean, variance and skewness of fine-scale NDVI observations, resulted in upscaled NEE estimates that deviated less than 4% from the fine-scale estimate. Preserving only the mean and variance resulted in nearly 23% NEE bias, and preserving only the mean resulted in larger error and a change in sign from CO₂ sink to source. Compressing NDVI maps by 70–75% using wavelet thresholding with the Haar and Coiflet basis functions resulted in 13% NEE bias across the study domain. Applying unique scale-dependent transfer functions between NDVI and leaf area index (LAI) decreased, but did not remove, bias in modeled flux in a smaller expanse using handheld NDVI observations. Quantifying the parameters of statistical distributions to preserve ecological information reduces bias when upscaling and makes possible spatial data assimilation to further reduce errors in estimates of ecological processes across scale.     

地被植物在南京仙林大学城景观规划中的应用

阐述园林地被植物的概念、生态习性,调查研究南京仙林大学城绿地中常见的多年生草本地被植物,同时对地被植物在景观规划中的配置应用及存在的问题进行探讨。     

发动机润滑油正确使用探讨

发动机润滑油的正确使用是其养护的关键措施之一,润滑油有润滑、清洁、密封、冷却、防锈等作用,发动机润滑油的选择应结合实际使用条件和环境气温,兼顾油品的质量和粘度等级确定润滑油的牌号,润滑油是否变质的鉴定方法有加热法、手指轻捻法、气泡对比法等。     

Japanese sardine (Sardinops melanostictus) mortality in relation to the winter mixed layer depth in the Kuroshio Extension region

A drastic population change in Japanese sardine (Sardinops melanostictus) has been noted as being related to winter sea surface temperature (SST) in the Kuroshio Extension region. The former studies suggest two possible explanations. One is that temperature itself affects sardine. The other is that SST represents the environmental change of the Kuroshio Extension region and other causes directly affecting sardine. In this study, we found that sardine mortality from post‐larva to age 1 negatively correlated with the winter mixed layer depth (MLD) in the Kuroshio Extension region from 1979 to 1993. During the period of a deep winter mixed layer (during the early 1980s), sardine mortality was low, whereas mortality was high when the winter mixed layer was shallow (during the late 1980s to early 1990s). By using a lower trophic‐level ecosystem model forced by the observed time series of MLD, SST, light intensity and nutrient data, we found that the estimated spring zooplankton density drastically varies from year to year and has a significant negative correlation with sardine mortality. The inter‐annual variation of spring zooplankton density is caused by the winter MLD variation. During the deep winter mixed layer years, a phytoplankton bloom occurs in spring, whereas during the shallow winter mixed layer years, the bloom occurs in winter. The results of our study suggest that the decline in the Japanese sardine population during the late 1980s to early 1990s was due to an insufficient spring food supply in the Kuroshio Extension region where sardine larvae and juvenile are transported.