我国森林碳汇核算的计量模型研究

为了更好地对我国森林碳汇进行研究和管理,促进碳汇市场的发展,本文在经济控制理论的基础上,收集了1990—2007年林木蓄积量、生长量、枯损量和采伐量的数据,通过蓄积量转换法建立了森林碳汇核算的回归模型,并进行了分析。结果表明,相邻年份的森林生物碳储量C(k+1)、C(k)回归方程的拟合优度R2=0.998,调整后R2=0.997,模型的F值为6581.48,对应的P值为0.00,表明模型成立并具有统计学意义。在此基础上,利用最小值法进一步求出了森林碳汇的最优核算价格为10.11～15.17美元/t,略高于目前国际上通用的碳税价格。本文通过计算还指出,要使我国森林由于经济发展而采伐消耗的碳储量最小,每年应采伐消耗的蓄积为4.26亿m3,这一结果对我国的森林资源管理提出了更高的要求。最后,本文对碳汇核算存在的一些问题进行了讨论,并建议碳汇核算应采用影子价格,把社会、经济发展对碳汇的影响,即人类社会、经济活动对森林碳汇的影响纳入核算范围,促进碳汇市场的持续发展。     

南方集体林区森林经营主体碳汇供给的研究进展

森林碳;汇已成为缓解全球气候变化的重要途径。南方集体林区产权制度改革后,森林经营主体日趋多样化,研究经营主体碳汇供给差异,探讨造成碳汇供给差异背后的诱导因素并挖掘它们之间的作用机制,将为推动森林碳;汇经营形成稳定的碳供给,合理配置稀缺的要素资源,缓解气候变化提供重要的现实政策依据。总结了国内外森林经营主体的碳;汇供给研究状况,明确了现有研究的成果和不足,主要包括国内碳汇市场未形成;现有模型在本研究中不适用,长时间序列数据不足等。并为今后的研究提出了需要解决的重要技术难题和解决思路,认为以“非京都市场”框架下考察森林碳汇供给更可行;需要根据碳汇营林实践修正相关模型和数据以及结合生产函数模型分析森林经营主体碳汇供给的诱导因素。     

Effects of Organic Amendments on Productivity and Profitability of Bell Pepper–French Bean–Garden Pea System and on Soil Properties during Transition to Organic Production

A transition period of at least 2 years is required for annual crops before the produce may be certified as organically grown. There is a need to better understand the various management options for a smooth transition from conventional to organic production. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of different organic amendments and biofertilizers (BFs) on productivity and profitability of a bell pepper–french bean–garden pea system as well as soil fertility and enzymatic activities during conversion to organic production. For this, the following six treatments were established in fixed plots: composted farmyard manure (FYMC, T₁); vermicompost (VC, T₂); poultry manure (PM, T₃) along with biofertilizers (BF) [Rhizobium/Azotobacter + phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (Pseudomonas striata)]; mix of three amendments (FYMC + PM + VC + BF, T₄); integrated nutrient management (FYMC + NPK, T₅); and unamended control (T₆). The yields of bell pepper and french bean under organic nutrient management were markedly lower (25.2–45.9% and 29.5–46.2%, respectively) than with the integrated nutrient management (INM). Among the organic treatments, T₄ and T₁ produced greater yields of both bell pepper (27.96 Mg ha^?1) and french bean (3.87 Mg ha^?1) compared with other treatments. In garden pea, however, T₄ gave the greatest pod yield (7.27 Mg ha^?1) and was significantly superior to other treatments except T₅ and T₁. The latter treatment resulted in the lowest soil bulk density (1.19 Mg m^?3) compared with other treatments. Similarly, soil organic C was significantly greater in all the treatments (1.21–1.30%) except T₂ compared to T₆ (1.06%). Plots under INM, however, had greater levels of available nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium (NPK) than those under organic amendments. T₁ plots showed greater dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase activities compared with other treatments. However, T₄ and T₅ plots had greater activities of β-glucosidase and urease activities, respectively. The cost of cultivation was greater under organic nutrient management (except T₂) compared with INM. The latter treatment gave greater gross margin and benefit/cost (B/C) ratio for all vegetables, except that T₂ gave greater B/C ratio in garden pea compared with other treatments. We conclude that T₁ and T₄ were more suitable for enhancing the productivity of bell pepper–french bean–garden pea system, through improved soil properties, during transition to organic production.     

对“门当户对”的经济学解释

＂门当户对＂的婚姻观念在中国流传了几千年,拥护者有之,反对者有之。可是到了现代社会,仍被人们拿来作为衡量婚姻的标准,并大有愈演愈烈之势。文章将从经济学的角度来对＂门当户对＂这种经久不衰的制度进行深入分析。     

Association between the purchase price of Thoroughbred yearlings and their performance during the 2- and 3-year-old racing seasons

OBJECTIVES Describe the association between the purchase price of Thoroughbred yearlings sold in Australia and racing performance as 2- and 3-year-olds. METHODS Race performance data of 2773 Thoroughbred yearlings sold at auction during 2003 were collected. Associations between purchase price and the probability of starting, the number of race starts and the prize money earned were examined. RESULTS In total, 2206 (79.6%) horses started a race. The mean number of race starts was six and the mean prize money earned was A$24,420. A total of 1711 (61.5%) horses earned prize money, 402 (14.4%) earned more than their purchase price, 312 (11.2%) earned more than A$40,000, the estimated cost of training, and 142 (5.1%) earned A$40,000 more than their purchase price. There was a positive association between purchase price category and the probability of starting, number of starts, earning prize money and earning greater than A$40,000 (P < 0.001). Purchase price category was negatively associated with the probability of earning greater than the purchase price (P < 0.001). The proportion of horses earning greater than the purchase price plus $40,000 was significantly different (P = 0.03) among the five price categories. CONCLUSION Yearling purchase price was positively associated with all race performance outcomes measured and researchers examining the race performance of yearlings purchased at sales should consider including purchase price when modelling. The Thoroughbred yearling market in Australia behaves in a similar manner to the United States market; owners pay a premium to enter the sport of racing and an additional premium in the quest to own a champion.     

国际经济与贸易本科课程体系改革探讨

国际经济与贸易课程体系改革是为培养适应能力强的复合型应用人才，是实现本科培养目标的一个关键环节。课程体系必须适应不断变化的培养计划的要求，充分发挥其在教学中的指导性作用。本文提出以系统的观点看待各门课程，找到各门课程的逻辑关系，从各门课程的结合点上展开学习和教学研究，形成有生命力的课程体系。此外，教师队伍建设和教学方法的改进是保证课程体系实施效果的重要条件。     

广告促销与价格策略

讨论了广告促销与价格策略，并进行了经济分析，还就市场销售方面提出了一些广告技术与价格策略的建议。     

植病经济与病害生态治理

本文从植物病害及病害的不恰当防治所造成的经济损失与生态污染损失，导出了植病经济与植病经济学产生的必然；从植病经济学和病害发生的规律性出发，提出植病管理的核心——是防不是治。是重在保护植物健康，而不是重在消灭病原生物，进而提出务必从现行的有害生物综合治理（IPM）模式向以植物生态系统群体健康为主导的有害生物生态治理（EPM）的新模式跨越。     

Phosphorus–microbes interaction on growth,yield and phosphorus-use efficiency of irrigated cotton

The phosphorus-use efficiency of crops in high pH soil is low. A randomized complete block design in a 3 × 2 split-plot experiment was conducted on a high pH silt loam (Typic Ustochrepts) to evaluate whether P-solubilizing microbial (PSM) inocula were able to improve the P fertilization effects on irrigated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L., cultivar CIM-482). Cotton was planted after seed treatment with PSM inoculation at 0, 22 and 44 kg P ha^?1. Results showed that soil microbial populations were significantly higher throughout the cotton-growing season in response to P fertilization and PSM inoculation. Both P fertilization and PSM inocula exerted a significant effect on cotton biomass and Puptake without an interaction. Economic analyses suggest that PSM inocula alone significantly increased P-use efficiency (8%), reduced cost and improved net income (by $36 ha^?1) of irrigated cotton production. Moreover, the relationship between relative yield and P fertilization with PSM inocula showed that 95% of the maximum yield of cotton was produced at 22 kg P ha^?1, whereas in the absence of PSM inocula, 95% relative yield was obtained at 36 kg P ha^?1, asaving of ～39% applied P with PSM inoculation.     

Production potential and competitive indices of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) based intercropping with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and lentil (Lens culinaris L.) under different row ratios of eastern Uttar Pradesh

A field experiment was conducted during the (rabi) seasons of 2009–2010 and 2010–2011 at the research farm, Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, to find out the suitable row ratio of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) intercropping with wheat (1:9, 2:9, 1:6, 2:6) and lentil (1:4, 1:5, 2:4, 2:5) row ratios, respectively. The highest yield attributes of mustard were recorded with mustard + lentil (2:5), which was significantly superior to mustard + wheat (1:9) and mustard + lentil (1:5). Maximum seed yield and stover yield of mustard was recorded with mustard + lentil (2:4), which was being significant over other row ratios of mustard + wheat (1:6, 1:9, 2:9) but was at par with mustard + lentil (1:5) and mustard + wheat (2:6) row ratios. Mustard equivalent yield (3128 kg ha^?1) recorded under intercropping of mustard with wheat in 1:9 row ratio was significantly higher than sole cropping of mustard, wheat, and lentil, and other remaining intercropping systems. Intercropping of mustard with wheat in 1:9 row ratio showed the highest land equivalent ratio (1.51), aggressivity index (+0.15), net return (60,468 Rs ha^?1), and benefit:cost ratio (4.3) among all other intercropping treatments.