Effects of Organic Amendments on Productivity and Profitability of Bell Pepper–French Bean–Garden Pea System and on Soil Properties during Transition to Organic Production

A transition period of at least 2 years is required for annual crops before the produce may be certified as organically grown. There is a need to better understand the various management options for a smooth transition from conventional to organic production. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of different organic amendments and biofertilizers (BFs) on productivity and profitability of a bell pepper–french bean–garden pea system as well as soil fertility and enzymatic activities during conversion to organic production. For this, the following six treatments were established in fixed plots: composted farmyard manure (FYMC, T₁); vermicompost (VC, T₂); poultry manure (PM, T₃) along with biofertilizers (BF) [Rhizobium/Azotobacter + phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (Pseudomonas striata)]; mix of three amendments (FYMC + PM + VC + BF, T₄); integrated nutrient management (FYMC + NPK, T₅); and unamended control (T₆). The yields of bell pepper and french bean under organic nutrient management were markedly lower (25.2–45.9% and 29.5–46.2%, respectively) than with the integrated nutrient management (INM). Among the organic treatments, T₄ and T₁ produced greater yields of both bell pepper (27.96 Mg ha^?1) and french bean (3.87 Mg ha^?1) compared with other treatments. In garden pea, however, T₄ gave the greatest pod yield (7.27 Mg ha^?1) and was significantly superior to other treatments except T₅ and T₁. The latter treatment resulted in the lowest soil bulk density (1.19 Mg m^?3) compared with other treatments. Similarly, soil organic C was significantly greater in all the treatments (1.21–1.30%) except T₂ compared to T₆ (1.06%). Plots under INM, however, had greater levels of available nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium (NPK) than those under organic amendments. T₁ plots showed greater dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase activities compared with other treatments. However, T₄ and T₅ plots had greater activities of β-glucosidase and urease activities, respectively. The cost of cultivation was greater under organic nutrient management (except T₂) compared with INM. The latter treatment gave greater gross margin and benefit/cost (B/C) ratio for all vegetables, except that T₂ gave greater B/C ratio in garden pea compared with other treatments. We conclude that T₁ and T₄ were more suitable for enhancing the productivity of bell pepper–french bean–garden pea system, through improved soil properties, during transition to organic production.     

对“门当户对”的经济学解释

＂门当户对＂的婚姻观念在中国流传了几千年,拥护者有之,反对者有之。可是到了现代社会,仍被人们拿来作为衡量婚姻的标准,并大有愈演愈烈之势。文章将从经济学的角度来对＂门当户对＂这种经久不衰的制度进行深入分析。     

Association between the purchase price of Thoroughbred yearlings and their performance during the 2- and 3-year-old racing seasons

OBJECTIVES Describe the association between the purchase price of Thoroughbred yearlings sold in Australia and racing performance as 2- and 3-year-olds. METHODS Race performance data of 2773 Thoroughbred yearlings sold at auction during 2003 were collected. Associations between purchase price and the probability of starting, the number of race starts and the prize money earned were examined. RESULTS In total, 2206 (79.6%) horses started a race. The mean number of race starts was six and the mean prize money earned was A$24,420. A total of 1711 (61.5%) horses earned prize money, 402 (14.4%) earned more than their purchase price, 312 (11.2%) earned more than A$40,000, the estimated cost of training, and 142 (5.1%) earned A$40,000 more than their purchase price. There was a positive association between purchase price category and the probability of starting, number of starts, earning prize money and earning greater than A$40,000 (P < 0.001). Purchase price category was negatively associated with the probability of earning greater than the purchase price (P < 0.001). The proportion of horses earning greater than the purchase price plus $40,000 was significantly different (P = 0.03) among the five price categories. CONCLUSION Yearling purchase price was positively associated with all race performance outcomes measured and researchers examining the race performance of yearlings purchased at sales should consider including purchase price when modelling. The Thoroughbred yearling market in Australia behaves in a similar manner to the United States market; owners pay a premium to enter the sport of racing and an additional premium in the quest to own a champion.     

国际经济与贸易本科课程体系改革探讨

国际经济与贸易课程体系改革是为培养适应能力强的复合型应用人才，是实现本科培养目标的一个关键环节。课程体系必须适应不断变化的培养计划的要求，充分发挥其在教学中的指导性作用。本文提出以系统的观点看待各门课程，找到各门课程的逻辑关系，从各门课程的结合点上展开学习和教学研究，形成有生命力的课程体系。此外，教师队伍建设和教学方法的改进是保证课程体系实施效果的重要条件。     

广告促销与价格策略

讨论了广告促销与价格策略，并进行了经济分析，还就市场销售方面提出了一些广告技术与价格策略的建议。     

植病经济与病害生态治理

本文从植物病害及病害的不恰当防治所造成的经济损失与生态污染损失，导出了植病经济与植病经济学产生的必然；从植病经济学和病害发生的规律性出发，提出植病管理的核心——是防不是治。是重在保护植物健康，而不是重在消灭病原生物，进而提出务必从现行的有害生物综合治理（IPM）模式向以植物生态系统群体健康为主导的有害生物生态治理（EPM）的新模式跨越。     

Phosphorus–microbes interaction on growth,yield and phosphorus-use efficiency of irrigated cotton

The phosphorus-use efficiency of crops in high pH soil is low. A randomized complete block design in a 3 × 2 split-plot experiment was conducted on a high pH silt loam (Typic Ustochrepts) to evaluate whether P-solubilizing microbial (PSM) inocula were able to improve the P fertilization effects on irrigated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L., cultivar CIM-482). Cotton was planted after seed treatment with PSM inoculation at 0, 22 and 44 kg P ha^?1. Results showed that soil microbial populations were significantly higher throughout the cotton-growing season in response to P fertilization and PSM inoculation. Both P fertilization and PSM inocula exerted a significant effect on cotton biomass and Puptake without an interaction. Economic analyses suggest that PSM inocula alone significantly increased P-use efficiency (8%), reduced cost and improved net income (by $36 ha^?1) of irrigated cotton production. Moreover, the relationship between relative yield and P fertilization with PSM inocula showed that 95% of the maximum yield of cotton was produced at 22 kg P ha^?1, whereas in the absence of PSM inocula, 95% relative yield was obtained at 36 kg P ha^?1, asaving of ～39% applied P with PSM inoculation.     

三峡库区农村发展系统评价与空间格局分析

农村发展系统特征及其空间格局分异,是确立区域农村可持续发展模式的重要依据。该研究着眼于县域尺度,利用均方差权值评价法、系统耦合理论、探索性空间数据分析、空间变差函数等方法,从系统总体状态、子系统间的耦合关系、系统的空间格局分异与规律等角度探讨三峡库区农村发展系统特征及规律。结果表明,三峡库区19个区县属于中度协调、基本协调、轻度失调、中度失调4类之中,区县之间系统协调度差异不大;农村发展总系统以及社会系统、经济系统、资源环境系统3个子系统在空间整体上都呈现空间正相关特性,发展水平相似的区域分别集聚分布;农村发展总系统以及社会系统、经济系统、资源环境系统3个子系统由空间自相关引起的结构化分异十分显著,空间自组织性较强。该研究结果可为政府部门制定跨区域统筹发展战略,完善农村发展政策提供参考依据。     

大渡河上游河谷与半山区耕地利用集约度及影响因素的对比分析

集约度变化是土地利用变化研究的核心问题,而目前对西部地区耕地利用集约度特征及原因解释的研究较少。该文采取参与式农村评估法（participatory rural appraisal,PRA）,以大渡河上游典型河谷与半山区为例,共调查农户357户,通过Tobit和OLS估计方法,定量对比分析了河谷与半山区耕地利用集约度及其影响因素。研究表明：河谷区和半山区在耕地利用集约度上存在显著差异。无论是资本集约度还是劳动集约度,河谷区均高于半山区。影响河谷与半山区耕地利用集约度差异的因素有承包耕地面积、人均实际耕地面积、家庭固定资产、离集镇的距离、二三产业收入、农业劳动力、年需换工数量、人情往来支出等。耕地资源禀赋和农业劳动力数量是导致集约度差异的关键因素,农业生产条件或环境和家庭收入水平对其有重要影响。     

兵团地方文献资源建设与兵团经济发展的思考

通过对兵团地方文献资源的开发利用现状和兵团地方文献与兵团文化和经济发展之间关系的分析,启迪我们要扩大兵团地方文献输入内涵,延伸其输出外延;利用兵团地方文献资源,开发独具兵团地方特色的信息资源。