仲裁协议研究

仲裁协议是合同中订立的仲裁条款和以其他书面方式在纠纷发生前或者纠纷发生后达成的请求仲裁的协议。目前,我国《仲裁法》对仲裁协议的形式要求仅仅是书面形式。随着科学技术尤其是电子通讯技术的发展,可实现合意目的的手段呈现出多样化趋势,不再仅限于传统的书面形式和签字。为适应仲裁发展的需要,在我国司法实践中,也出现了放宽对仲裁协议书面形式限制的倾向。在此,文章就对仲裁协议形式的扩大解释提出一些建议。     

母猪智能群养系统在生产中的应用研究进展

随着近几年来电子智能化和农业机械化的高速发展,以及养猪行业人工成本、饲料、药物成本等的增加,急需需找降低养猪成本的养猪模式是养猪行业的一个紧迫任务,母猪智能群养系统具有降低人工成本、减少饲料浪费、提高母猪生产性能等提高经济效益的优点,智能机械化是养猪行业未来发展的趋势之一,文章在国内内外研究的基础之上,就母猪智能群养系统在生产中的应用研究进展进行了综述。     

水稻种植机械化在沛县的可行性与局限性

经过几年的实践与探索,沛县实现了由传统的人工插秧技术模式向机械化插秧模式的转变,取得了较好的经济效益和社会效益,这项技术在沛县有一定的可行性。     

The Economic Impact of the Catfish,Ictalurus punctatus,Industry on Chicot County,Arkansas

Abstract

This study analyzed the contribution of the catfish industry to the economy of Chicot County, Arkansas, using an input-output model. The objective was to quantify the economic contribution of the industry in terms of creating new dollars, jobs, and income to the local community. Mail surveys and personal interviews were used to collect data from catfish farmers, processors and other businesses related to the catfish industry. For farmers, the information solicited included production and marketing costs, sales and employment. Out of approximately 85 questionnaires administered to catfish farms, 44 usable questionnaires were obtained for a response rate of 52%. Businesses directly related to the catfish industry provided information on employment and sales and included: processors, seiners and haulers, pond builders, tractor and equipment dealers, and feed bin manufacturers. Other businesses with indirect ties to the catfish industry included: input supply companies, banks, fertilizer and chemical companies, auto shops, electricians, and bookkeeping firms. The survey data were used to modify the IMPLAN database for Chicot County to reflect the 2001 level of catfish production, processing and services available to support the industry. This database was then used to estimate the economic impact of the industry to the county's economy. In 2001, the 85 catfish farmers in the county operated about 7,859 ha (19,500 acres). The farm-gate value of catfish production exceeded $63 million. Employment on catfish farms was approximately 510. In addition, 59 other businesses depended on the catfish industry. Results indicated that total employment created in Chicot County by businesses directly or indirectly involved with the catfish industry was 2,665 jobs. This represented 48% of all employment in Chicot County. Total tax revenue (federal, state, and local taxes) generated from both direct and indirect catfish businesses was $22 million. Combined, the total economic impact of the catfish industry in Chicot County, including direct, indirect and induced effects, was over $384 million. The output multiplier calculated for live catfish production was 6.05. Thus, each $1 of earnings by catfish farms generated $6.05 total economic activity in the Chicot County economy. If current economic difficulties should result in contractions in catfish acreage in Chicot County by 10%, unemployment rates would increase by 2%. This study demonstrates the importance of the catfish industry to the economy of Chicot County.     

Production Economic Analysis of Black Sea Bass Juveniles to Support Finfish Mariculture Growout Industry Development in the Southeastern United States

A pilot-scale finfish mariculture hatchery was established at the University of North Carolina Wilmington. In 2011, research-based hatchery protocols were scaled up to produce 37,000 advanced (1–5 g) black sea bass fingerlings. Based on engineering, biological, and cost data from operating the pilot hatchery, an economic analysis of a hypothetical commercial scale black sea bass hatchery operation was conducted. The financial performance of two alternative facilities that produce 97,200 5-g and 388,800 1-g fingerlings per year over a 30-year project life showed cumulative net present value (NPV) of $445,000, and $3,168,000, modified internal rates of return (MIRR) of 6.52% and 10.52%, and per unit breakeven prices of $1.67 and $0.47, respectively. Sensitivity analyses showed that final stocking density was critical to financial performance. Fingerlings were supplied to startup growers in NC and in VA, and market-size fish from these growout facilities were distributed (live or whole on ice) to premium-value markets on the eastern seaboard. This pilot hatchery is enabling new farmers to access fingerlings, establish growout technology and understand market value and demand.     

ANALYSIS OF THE COMMERCIAL-SCALE COST OF PRODUCING FRESHWATER PRAWN Macrobrachium rosenbergii IN THE SOUTH CENTRAL UNITED STATES

Freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, production costs have mainly been estimated from experimental results or from limited numbers of producers. This paper discusses results from a cost of production survey sent to freshwater prawn producers in the south central United States in 2005. Feed and stocking costs were the highest variable costs and were related to the proximity of the input sources. Inorganic fertilizer cost was significantly greater for the south region while electrical costs were greater for the west region of the study area. The average prawn breakeven price covering all costs was $12.74, $14.27, $16.12, $17.18, and $14.55 per kilogram for producers in Kentucky, Mississippi, Tennessee, “Other States,” and for all respondents, respectively. Producers could decrease costs by improving yields, i.e., by increasing survival and/or weight gain, or by decreasing stocking, feed, and electrical costs; or by finding multiple uses of the equipment used to grow-out and harvest freshwater prawns.     

MUSSEL CULTIVATION AS A CO-USE IN OFFSHORE WIND FARMS: POTENTIAL AND ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY

More than 50% of the annual worldwide harvest of mussels is produced in Europe. The mussel cultivation in Germany is based on an extensive on-bottom culture and depends entirely on natural resources for food, spat and space. Due to stakeholder conflicts and a lack of spat availability, mussel farmers tend to move offshore where space is not limited and adequate settlement guaranteed. Newcomers – the offshore wind farmers – are covering large areas in the German Bight which in contrast give the opportunity to use these areas in a multifunctional way by accepting mussel cultivation within the wind farms. This study compiles the basic data for offshore mussel cultivation in close vicinity to a designated offshore wind farm in the open sea of the German Bight and employs different case-scenario calculations to illustrate the impact of changing parameter values on overall profitability or non-profitability of this activity. Primary focus is placed on the production of consumer mussels but seed mussel cultivation is also taken into consideration. We show that production of consumer mussels with longline technology is sufficiently profitable even under the assumption of substantial cost increases. This is especially true, if existing capacities could be used. The cultivation of seed mussels depends on the possibility of using existing equipment. A substantial increase of seed mussel prices to at least 0.6 €, given the main cost categories remaining constant, turns this alternative into substantial profitability. This study concludes with providing some recommendations on how favorable terms or actions could further improve profitability of offshore mussel cultivation. Altogether, our results are intended to shed some light on business management topics that future offshore mariculture operators such as traditional mussel farmers should follow in order to be efficient.     

Risk of exceeding bioeconomic limit reference points in shrimp aquaculture systems

Abstract

Designing intelligent management strategies for shrimp aquaculture systems require recognising the uncertainty and risks associated with different processes of aquaculture production. To account for natural variability and other sources of uncertainty, estimates of appropriate aquaculture bio‐economic indicators are needed to re‐evaluate periodically the production system and establish new reference points and corresponding management strategies. This paper concentrates on this aspect of the management process and presents a simple classification of indicators and reference points for aquaculture production systems. The uncertainty causing variability in the estimated values of bio‐economic parameters is incorporated through the use of Monte Carlo analysis to estimate the probability of exceeding limit reference points. To illustrate this process, the risks (i.e. probabilities of exceeding bioeconomic limit reference points) associated to alternative timing of harvesting decisions were estimated by randomly generating uncertain prices and natural mortalities with the appropriate probability density functions and corresponding variance. Alternative approaches to deal with risk and uncertainty in data limited management contexts are discussed.     

黄边糙鸟蛤野生群体主要经济性状间的相关性及通径分析

随机选取80只野生黄边糙鸟蛤（Trachycardiumflavum）,对其形态性状（壳长、壳高、壳宽）和质量性状（活体质量、软体部质量）5个经济性状进行测量,并应用通径分析和多元回归等方法对数据进行分析。结果表明,5个经济性状间的相关系数均达到极显著水平（P〈0．01）;软体部质量对活体质量的直接影响效果最大（0．7048）,壳长、壳高和壳宽对活体质量的影响主要通过软体部质量实现。经多元回归分析,采用逐步回归方法,剔除了偏回归系数不显著的壳高,建立了壳长、壳宽和软体部质量对活体质量的最优回归方程;各形态性状对软体部质量的直接影响最大的性状是壳宽,其直接决定系数为0．4093,壳长对软体部质量的影响是通过壳宽来间接实现,构建了壳长、壳宽对软体部质量的回归方程。该结果可为深入探讨黄边糙鸟蛤的种质资源保护和选择育种提供理论依据。     

速效硫肥对冬小麦产量、品质和经济效益的影响

为了解速效硫肥在华北冬小麦上的应用效果,分别在山东泰安和河北沧州进行田间试验,研究速效硫肥(Rapid Release Sulphur,RRS)对小麦籽粒产量、蛋白质含量、含硫量和经济效益的影响。试验设不施硫对照(0 kg/hm2)、低量硫磺粉(30 kg/hm2),高量硫磺粉(60 kg/hm2)、低量速效硫肥(30 kg/hm2)和高量速效硫肥(60 kg/hm2)5个处理。结果表明,在供试土壤有效硫含量较高的条件下,施硫可增加小麦籽粒产量,并受到硫肥种类和施用量的影响;速效硫肥增产幅度高于普通硫磺粉处理,高量速效硫肥处理增产最为显著,在泰安和沧州试验点分别增产8.3%和10.1%。小麦籽粒含硫量随硫肥施用有增加趋势,但只有沧州试验点的高量施硫处理表现显著,不同硫肥种类间无显著差异。速效硫肥施用能显著提高泰安点小麦的籽粒蛋白含量,低量速效硫肥处理显著高于低量硫磺粉处理,但在沧州点表现不明显。施用硫肥提高了小麦的生产效益,两试验点均以速效硫肥增效优于普通硫磺;综合比较,泰安点小麦以高量速效硫肥处理增效最高（增加收入1369元/hm2,产投比为10.5）,沧州点小麦以低量速效硫肥增效最高（增加收入1111元/hm2,产投比为16.4）。合理施用速效硫肥能实现在增加小麦产量的同时稳定或提高小麦籽粒品质,增加小麦生产效益。