Single season effects of mixed-species cover crops on tomato health (cultivar Celebrity) in multi-state field trials

Cover crop use can help mitigate the deleterious effects of common cropping practices (e.g., tillage) and is, therefore, an important component of soil health maintenance. While known to be beneficial in the long-term, the short-term effects of cover crops, specifically mixed-species cover crops in organic systems are less clear. Cover crop effects on tomato productivity and disease severity were recorded over three field seasons (2010, 2011 and 2012) at sixteen field sites in three states, Maryland, New York and Ohio (MD, NY and OH), each with distinct soilborne disease pressure. Plots of five state-specific cover crop treatments were established the season prior to tomato production; the resulting plant residue was incorporated the following spring approximately four weeks before tomato planting. Total fruit yields along with early-season shoot height and fresh weight were used to compare treatment effects on productivity. Treatment disease severity ratings relied on natural inoculum. Interestingly, the effect of a single season of cover cropping on total yield was significant in no more than 25% of all site years. Similarly, cover crop effects on tomato disease levels were significant in 0–44% of the sixteen field sites. However, significant field-specific patterns were observed in every state across multiple years for some treatments. For example, in New York in 2010, tomato yields following all mixed cover crops were greater than the single rye cover crop in one field, but this pattern was reversed in the adjacent field. Thus, no general recommendation of a specific cover crop mixture can be made for near-term enhancement of tomato productivity or for reduction of disease. Therefore, growers should focus on location and operation-specific variables when choosing cover crops.     

依靠科学推进黄平县林业生态建设

贵州省黄平县是少数民族聚居的国家重点扶贫山区农业县。依据县情,依靠科学谋划林业生态建设。从黄平县的实际情况出发,对今后发展黄平县林业生态建设提出了一些建议。     

生态林业建设的现状与策略分析

分析生态林业建设的现状和存在的问题,就如何以提高生态林业建设水平为抓手,促进生态林业建设的完善提出建议。     

基于生态文明价值观的家庭林场发展研究

家庭林场经营模式的优点,除了创新经营管理体制,解放农村生产力,调动广大林农的生产经营积极性,促进林农脱贫致富外,还在于该模式内涵丰富的生态文明价值理念,能够将生态文明价值观在代际间传递延续,指导生产实践,保护生态环境,实现永续发展,这对促进生态文明建设、构建美丽中国具有重大的现实作用和深远的影响意义。本研究在阐明家庭林场内涵丰富的生态文明价值理念的基础上,阐释了发展家庭林场的经济、社会和生态效益,并针对目前家庭林场发展存在的问题提出对策建议。     

蚯蚓在现代农牧业中的应用研究

蚯蚓可消除畜禽废弃物公害,可为养殖业提供优质蛋白质原料和治疗多种畜禽疾病,有利于建立农业良性结构,实现农牧结合。因此,以蚯蚓为链条的生态循环农业是促进现代农牧业发展的有效途径。     

我国都市农业问题研究的学术影响力分析——基于1991-2012年CNKI论文数据的分析

在党和政府高度重视都市农业问题研究的同时,越来越多的学者投入到都市农业问题的研究中,学术界对于都市农业问题的研究日益升温。基于CNKI数据库1991～2012年中关于都市农业问题研究的研究文献获得有关数据,从都市农业问题研究的年代分布、研究人员分布、研究机构分布、学术影响力、学科分布5个方面进行探讨。通过数据分析得出:都市农业问题研究的优势资源主要集中在北京和东部沿海发达省市;研究机构主要集中在高等院校;都市农业问题的研究热点主要集中在农业经济研究领域。建议应加大西部地区的资源配置与研究力度,促进西部地区都市农业问题的研究。     

甘肃迭部国有林区生态效益补偿机制的探讨

本文从白龙江主要流域的生态现状入手，着重介绍和分析了白龙江流域迭部国有林区生态效益补偿机制的现状和问题，提出了主要的解决办法。     

Soybean yield and yield components as influenced by the single and repeated flaming

Field experiments were conducted to study the impact of single and multiple flaming on crop injury, yield components, and yield of soybean. The goal of this experiment was to determine the number of the maximum flaming treatments which soybean could tolerate without any yield loss. The treatments consisted of a non-flamed control, and broadcast flaming conducted one time (at VC-unfolded cotyledon, V2-second trifoliate, and V5-fifth trifoliate), two times (each at VC and V2, VC and V5, and V2 and V5 stages), and three times (at VC, V2, and V5 stages) resulting in a total of eight treatments. All plots were kept weed-free for the entire growing season by hand hoeing. A propane dose of 50 kg ha⁻¹ was applied with torches parallel to the crop row and at an operating speed of 4.8 km h⁻¹ for all treatments. The response of soybean was measured as visual injury ratings (at 7 and 28 days after treatment – DAT) as well as effects on yield components and yield. Broadcast flaming conducted once (at VC or V5 stage), as well as twice (at VC and V5 stages) exhibited the lowest injury of about 8% at 28 DAT. Any treatment that contained flaming at V2 stage resulted in more than 70% injury at 28 DAT. The highest crop yields were obtained from the non-flamed control (3.45 t ha⁻¹) and the plots flamed once at VC (3.35 t ha⁻¹), V5 (3.32 t ha⁻¹), and two times at VC and V5 (3.24 t ha⁻¹), which were all statistically similar. Soybean flamed at V2 stage had lower yields (1.03 t ha⁻¹ at V2, 0.46 t ha⁻¹ at VC and V2, and 0.38 t ha⁻¹ at V2 and V5). The lowest yields were in soybean flamed three times (VC, V2, and V5 stages), which yielded only 0.36 t ha⁻¹. These results indicate that soybean could tolerate a maximum of two flaming treatments at VC and V5 growth stages per season without any yield reduction.     

葶苈子药材生态适宜性区划研究

对全国葶苈子药材的生态适宜性开展评价,为优质葶苈子药材的栽培与选育提供理论依据。通过网络资料查阅和实地采集,收集了葶苈子药材共839个样点信息,其中播娘蒿430个样点,独行菜409个样点,综合55个生态因子,应用GIS和Maxent模型分析葶苈子药材在全国的生态适宜性分布。建立的Maxent模型预测效果良好(训练集和验证集特征曲线下面积均大于0.9),影响全国葶苈子药材生态适宜性的主要环境因子是降雨、温度、海拔、酸碱度、植被类型、土壤亚类等;全国内中药葶苈子最适宜生境主要集中在河北、河南、山西、山东、陕西、宁夏、甘肃南部、四川西部等地。对葶苈子分布区进行了生长等级划分,为葶苈子药材资源的调查研究、人工种植、划分优质产地、资源调查提供理论依据。     

甘肃省天祝县草原补奖政策实施效果

草原作为重要的生态资产与生产资源,在我国生态文明建设和社会经济发展中具有重要的战略地位。党的十八大以来,我国将生态文明建设纳入“五位一体”总体布局之中,在草原牧区实施草原生态补奖政策,对草地生态保护、修复和助力牧区精准脱贫具有重要意义。本研究以甘肃省天祝藏族自治县为例,通过历年统计数据和查阅年鉴等方式获得相关资料,对两轮补奖政策实施效果进行梳理,从补奖政策资金、草地生产力及载畜量、生态效益、经济效益和社会效益等方面分析了政策实施前后变化情况。结果表明：1)两轮补奖政策实施后,天祝县草原生态环境逐步恢复,草地生产力达到2 162.28 kg·hm–2,相比补奖政策实施前提高了45.4%;2)畜牧业生产方式不断转变,理论载畜量增长了42.98万个羊单位,相比补奖政策实施前提高了54.3%;3)农牧民人均收入从补奖政策实施前的4 012元增加到8 265元。遵从“绿水青山就是金山银山”的生态发展理念,为进一步加强草地生态恢复,建议：1)在平衡禁牧下农户收入水平和生态补偿资金投入的基础上确定草原补奖补偿标准;2)加快培育现代农业产业,加大产业扶持力度,积极发展特色农牧业;3)建立健全放牧禁牧制度,科学制定草原合理利用计划。