川西干旱河谷林草植被建设科学考察报告

阐述了川西干旱河谷现有治理状况 ,存在问题 ,提出了治理该区的措施和发展农业经济的建议。     

中国草地资源经营的历史发展与当前任务

回顾近40年中国草地资源经营发展历程,分析了存在问题及其原因,提出了当前任务:1.要明确工作总则,围绕生态与小康两大目标,思考与部署草地资源经营工作;确立草地生态置换理论与对策;组建草原生态建设与草原牧业发展综合治理工程.2.要做好退牧还草工程,主要是把握实质做出实效;做好统筹规划、加强综合治理;因地制宜,做好实施方案;提高科技含量,做好基础工作,特别是治理区水、草、林、土资源本底重估与优化配置,草牧产业发展要点,以及牧民定居点建设工作.     

建立青藏高原草地乳用牦牛生态系统的思路

牦牛是青藏高原的特有家畜之一,不同的草地类型形成了不同的生活生态型,并针对牦牛乳的品质和开发潜力,提出了用黑白花奶牛冻精与母牦牛杂交提高牦牛的产乳性能,特别是采用野牦牛冻精改良母牦牛生产性能的途径.草地乳用牦牛生态系统的建立,一是要遵循牦牛逐水草而牧季节转场的习性;二是为牦牛过冬贮备充足的饲草料;三是建棚圈、实现冷季家畜的舍饲和持续增膘;四是把野牦牛的保护纳入家牦牛生产的范围,使这一系统更富有自然和谐和可持续发展的活力.     

茶园生态系统服务功能

茶园生态系统是农业生态系统的组成之一，茶树及其间作植物与环境既有矛盾的一面，又有统一的一面，两者构成一个有机的整体。生物体必须与它的环境条件相适应才能生存和发展这一基本原理，无论自然生态系统或茶园生态系统都是一致的。人们认识到，茶园生态系统不仅向人类提供茶叶、其他的一些副产品，如水果、蔬菜、药材和家禽、家畜等，更重要的是它也维持了地球生命支持系统，即涵养水源、改良土壤、防止水土流失、减轻自然灾害、调节气候、净化环境、孕育和保存生物多样性等功能，以及具有观赏园林价值、展示传统文化、旅游休憩等社会功能。文中论述了茶园的生态服务功能、经济服务功能、社会服务功能。     

湖羊在西北寒旱地区行为学和生理指标的观测

为了研究西北寒冷干旱气候条件下湖羊的行为和生理指标变化,进而为西北地区湖羊引种提供数据支持和理论依据,本试验选用12只(公、母各半)舍饲周岁湖羊,通过近红外摄像技术研究了不同季节(A因子,A₁夏季,A₂冬季)、性别(B因子,B₁♂,B₂♀)和不同时段(C因子,C₁昼,C₂夜)条件下湖羊的采食、饮水、反刍、卧息等行为。结果表明,季节因子(A因子)对湖羊采食、卧息、反刍等行为均有极显著影响(P<0.01);性别因子(B因子)仅对湖羊采食和卧息行为有显著影响(P<0.05);昼夜因子(C因子)对湖羊的卧息行为有显著影响(P<0.05),对其采食和反刍行为有极显著影响(P<0.01)。季节和性别的交互作用对湖羊采食行为有显著影响(P<0.05),对反刍行为有极显著影响(P<0.01)。其余因子间交互作用对湖羊行为学无显著影响。试验羊体温、心跳、呼吸频率和血常规等生理指标均在正常范围内。以上结果说明湖羊在当地表现出了良好的适应性,在西北地区引种湖羊可行。     

2000-2050年中国草地资源综合生产能力预测分析

分析了中国草地资源的面积变化动态和生产力现状及主要问题，探讨了未来50年中国草地资源综合生产能力增长的主要途径和措施。在此基础上预测分析了至2010年、2030年和2050年中国草地资源生产能力的增长趋势和潜力空间及其地域分布状况，并简要论述了中国草地畜牧业在未来50年国民经济发展、西部开发和解决人民吃饭问题中所应具有的地位。     

生态足迹时间序列趋势外推分析的一种新方法及其应用

应用数学生态学的有关理论与方法,结合生态足迹的概念,提出了一种生态足迹时间序列的新的趋势外推分析方法;并以甘肃省河西绿洲农业区为研究对象,对其生态足迹进行了趋势外推分析的实例计算。结果表明,本研究中的趋势外推分析方法在生态足迹时间序列分析中的应用能够取得较好的结果;但模型本身的不足使其在实际数据存在短期剧烈波动时,拟合的结果与实际值之间存在较大的差距。本研究提出的包含随机影响的趋势外推分析方法进一步补充和完善了原有生态足迹分析方法的不足,在理论和实践中都有较高的指导和应用价值。     

Validating a Time Series of Annual Grass Percent Cover in the Sagebrush Ecosystem

We mapped yearly (2000–2016) estimates of annual grass percent cover for much of the sagebrush ecosystem of the western United States using remotely sensed, climate, and geophysical data in regression-tree models. Annual grasses senesce and cure by early summer and then become beds of fine fuel that easily ignite and spread fire through rangeland systems. Our annual maps estimate the extent of these fuels and can serve as a tool to assist land managers and scientists in understanding the ecosystem’s response to weather variations, disturbances, and management. Validating the time series of annual maps is important for determining the usefulness of the data. To validate these maps, we compare Bureau of Land Management Assessment Inventory and Monitoring (AIM) data to mapped estimates and use a leave-one-out spatial assessment technique that is effective for validating maps that cover broad geographical extents. We hypothesize that the time series of annual maps exhibits high spatiotemporal variability because precipitation is highly variable in arid and semiarid environments where sagebrush is native, and invasive annual grasses respond to precipitation. The remotely sensed data that help drive our regression-tree model effectively measures annual grasses’ response to precipitation. The mean absolute error (MAE) rate varied depending on the validation data and technique used for comparison. The AIM plot data and our maps had substantial spatial incongruence, but despite this, the MAE rate for the assessment equaled 12.62%. The leave-one-out accuracy assessment had an MAE of 8.43%. We quantified bias, and bias was more substantial at higher percent cover. These annual maps can help management identify actions that may alleviate the current cycle of invasive grasses because it enables the assessment of the variability of annual grass ? percent cover distribution through space and time, as part of dynamic systems rather than static systems.     

Native and exotic seed dispersal by the stone marten (Martes foina): implications for the regeneration of a relict climactic forest in central Portugal

The stone marten (Martes foina) is a carnivorous mammal that often consumes fleshy fruits, thus potentially promoting seed dispersion. The present study was developed in Bussaco National Forest, central Portugal, and aimed to assess the potential role of the stone marten in dispersing native and exotic plants in different forest landscape types. Seeds from stone marten scats and fleshy fruits were collected monthly and were thereafter identified and sowed in a nursery, following a randomized experimental setup. Plant emergence was monitored fortnightly. Generalized linear models were used to test for differences in time and success of emergence between seeds from scats and fruits of 3 native species (Rubus ulmifolius, Arbutus unedo and Celtis australis) and 1 exotic plant species with invasive behavior (Prunus laurocerasus). Fruit consumption by the stone martens significantly increased and accelerated the germination of the native R. ulmifolius but had no effect on the other 2 native species or on the invasive species. This suggested that stone martens contribute to gene flow and forest regeneration by dispersing native plant seeds. However, although the germination was not enhanced in the invasive species, the preference of stone martens for these fruits may potentially contribute to the proliferation of P. laurocerasus. Our study represents a contribution to better understanding the fauna and flora interactions, enabling for a more conscious and effective decision‐making in forest management.     

景电灌区农田防护林衰败及优化模式

景电灌区农田防护林网是景电灌区防护林体系的重要组成部分,通过调查景电灌区农田防护林衰败现状,分析退化原因,提出优化改造模式,为景电灌区农田防护林更新改造从而发挥可持续效益提供技术支撑。结果表明,1)以杨树为主要树种的景电灌区农田防护林网目前呈严重衰败状态,尤其在个人管护的区域,残缺断代现象严重,部分地方甚至基本消失;2)病虫危害,耗水、胁地严重而被砍伐,耕地次生盐渍化导致树木生长不良、枯死,树种单一、结构不合理,管理不到位等是造成农田防护林衰败的主要原因;3)三倍体毛白杨(Populus tomentosa)、廊坊(P.langfanggensis)、樟子松(Pinus sylvestris)、刺槐(Robinia pseucdoacacia)、白蜡(Fraxinus chinensis)、鸣山大枣(Jujube minshan)等树种为该地区农田防护林建设的适宜树种,可采用农田防护林杨树优势树种轮换、针叶常绿树种优化改造、生态经济型防护林网营造等模式对景电灌区农田防护林网进行更新改造。农田防护林网的改造,将对完善防护林体系,保障景泰绿洲的安全产生重要意义。