天水市小麦有害生物综合防治技术体系

１９８６－１９９０年，根据小麦主要有害生物的种群动态规律和发生为害特点，初步建立起小麦有害生物综合防治技术体系，每年示范面积３３３３．３ｈａ，有效地控制了小麦有害生物的发生为害，经济效益比为１：７．６，社会和生态效益显著。     

东莞森林公园建设与管理对策思考——以大岭山森林公园为例

文章根据东莞森林公园建设的背景,从东莞发展森林公园建设的特殊条件（经济发展和城市建设特点）出发,分析存在的主要问题,提出东莞森林公园建设和管理的对策。     

子午岭主要森林类型土壤种子库研究

对子午岭天然油松林、人工油松林、人工落叶松林、人工刺槐林四种林分的土壤种子库特征初步研究结果表明 :人工油松林种子库储量平均为 675 .9粒 /m2 ,人工刺槐林为648.8粒 /m2 ,人工落叶松林为 839.4粒 /m2 ,天然油松林为 45 5粒 /m2 ,各林分土壤种子库储量属中等水平 ;本次调查的天然油松林种子库种子活力为零 ,人工油松林种子库活力种子占 0 .5 % ,人工落叶松林种子库活力种子占 4.2 % ,刺槐林种子库活力种子占 74.4%。除人工刺槐林种子库种子质量较高外 ,针叶林各林分种子库种子质量都较差 ;人工油松林林下油松幼苗的分布密度平均为 1～ 3株 /m2 ,人工刺槐林林下多见灌木幼苗 ,另两种林分林下幼苗较少 ,表明不同林分土壤种子库种子都具有一定的萌发能力 ;从各林分土壤种子库的组成看 ,主要树种的种子在种子库中所占比例都在 85 %以上 ,人工油松林土壤种子库物种多样性指数较高 ,而其它林分土壤种子库物种多样性指数均较小 ;土壤种子库中 80 %左右的种子集中分布在枯枝落叶层和 0 - 2 cm土壤层中 ,下层种子数量很少 ;方差分析表明 ,枯枝落叶层厚度、树高、郁闭度、胸径等因子变化对土壤种子库储量影响显著。综合分析认为 ,子午岭主要森林类型土壤种子库能够为林分的天然更新提供基本条件。     

干旱区资源型城市可持续发展研究——以嘉峪关市为例

利用生态足迹和生态承载力的理论和方法,以干旱区资源型城市嘉峪关市为例,对其可持续发展状况及程度进行了评价和度量.结果表明:嘉峪关市2000-2003年人均生态足迹在14.270 6～21.928 3 hm2,人均生态承载力在0.127 2～0.129 1 hm2,生态足迹远超过其生态承载力,已对生态系统构成极大压力.在此基础上,提出了降低生态赤字的途径,为嘉峪关市的可持续发展提供了理论参考.     

北方农牧交错带土地利用及其生态背景分析

在遥感和地理信息系统技术支持下,提取年降水量、≥10℃积温、年平均风速、海拔高度、坡度等数据作为生态背景基本要素,基于NOAA/AVHRR影像分类而成的北方农牧交错带全样带1989年和2000年两期土地利用数据进行空间分析,分别研究单一和复合生态背景下土地利用的时空变化特征及其与生态背景的关系。结果表明:年降水量和年平均风速对土地利用变化的影响较为明显,特别是在坡度<15°的区域,降水对耕地和草地、年平均风速对林地和草地的影响均比较明显。≥10℃积温的变化与土地利用关系则不明显。耕地、林地、草地和城镇用地主要分布在海拔1 000~3 500 m和500 m以下、坡度为15°以下的地区,水域主要分布在海拔200 m以下、坡度为5°以下的地区。     

黄河兰州段多环芳烃生态风险的初步评价

以黄河兰州段11个不同采样点3种多环芳烃的临测浓度及其对6～38种水生生物的LC50为基础资料,分别应用商值法、概率密度函数重叠面积和联合概率曲线3种风险浮价方法对黄河兰州段苯并(a)芘、荧蒽、芘的生态风险进行了评价.结果表明:黄河兰州段3种PAHs残留具有一定的生态风险.其中低暴露风险条件下(受威胁生物不超过1%),...     

黄土高原子午岭油松林管理方式对黑碳和颗粒有机碳积累的影响

对黄土高原子午岭油松林不同管理方式下土壤的黑碳(BC)、有机碳(POC)和活性有机碳(LOC)的空间分布和积累进行了研究.结果表明,各种管理方式的油松林其POC、LOC和BC由表层至下层均呈显著的降低规律性.各种管理方式油松林0～10cm土层以BC>POC>LOC,10～20 cm土层中,天然油松林和粗放管理型油松林B...     

我国西南主要干旱河谷生态及其研究进展

在广泛查阅前人工作的基础上, 发现到目前为止, 对干旱河谷生态方面的研究主要集中在成土特征和土壤养分水分分布特征、植被状况及生态恢复上.认为干旱河谷生态研究的进一步工作应该注重人为因素的研究, 对干旱河谷区人口与生态环境间不协调的方面进行干预, 以实现该区域人口与生态环境的良性互动;加强景观生态学研究和多尺度集成, 利用景观生态学原理、方法来探讨干旱河谷景观结构和功能的相应变化, 寻求维持区域生态安全的关键机制.     

Distribution and diversity of leaf-cutting ants in Northeastern Argentina: species most associated with forest plantations

Abstract

Leaf-cutting ants (LCA) are considered one of the main herbivores and one of the most destructive pest insects of the Neotropics. Northeastern Argentina harbors the greatest species richness of these ants and in turn comprises the highest surface with forest plantations. Our aim was to establish which species of leaf-cutting ants are most commonly associated with forest plantations by analyzing their geographic distribution using published and unpublished species occurrence data. Also, estimate their potential areas of distribution along a latitudinal gradient that entirely encompasses northeastern Argentina using Ecological Niche Modeling. Only seven of the 20 species recorded were strongly associated with productive systems along the gradient, but only 2–3 species in each region could be considered high-risk species for forest plantations. High-risk species composition shows a turnover between regions. Our models show the potential distribution areas where LCA could become more abundant and dominant, and possibly causing a detrimental effect on the forest plantations in the studied region. We find that ecological niche models are useful tools to assess the environmental suitability of important LCA.     

Response of snails and slugs to fragmentation of lowland forests in NW Germany

Habitat fragmentation is a major cause for species loss, but its effect on invertebrates with low active dispersal power, like terrestrial gastropods, has rarely been studied. Such species can not cross a hostile habitat matrix, for which the predictions of island theory, such as positive relations between species richness and patch size, should apply. In order to test this prediction, we studied gastropod species diversity by assessing gastropod assemblage characteristics from 35 sites in 19 fragments of deciduous old-growth forests in the Lower Rhine Embayment, Germany. Assemblages differed between larger (≥700 ha) and smaller forests (<400 ha), those of large forests held a higher percentage of forest species. Although α-diversity was similar between the two forest size classes, small forests often comprised matrix species, resulting in a higher β-diversity. Edge effects on the species richness of matrix species were noticeable up to 250 m into the forest. Hierarchical partitioning revealed that distance to disturbances (external edge, internal edges like roads) explained most assemblage variables, whereas forest size and woodland cover within a 1 km radius from the sites explained only a few assemblage variables. Densities of two forest-associated species, Discus rotundatus and Arion fuscus, decreased with forest size. Yet, forest size was positively correlated with richness of typical forest species and densities of Limax cinereoniger. The latter species seems to need forests of >1,000 ha, i.e., well above the size of most fragments. In conclusion, the prediction is valid only for forest species. The response to fragmentation is species specific and seems to depend on habitat specialization and macroclimatic conditions. Jean-Pierre Maelfait: Deceased.