廊坊城市绿地景观生态规划探讨

以城市绿地系统生态规划理论为指导,根据廊坊城市的人口密度、经济条件和绿化现状对廊坊城市绿地从公园体系、绿地廊道、和楔形绿地3个方面进行了绿地生态规划,使廊坊城市形成“三楔三环十带十园”的绿地布局形态,为廊坊城市绿地系统规划的修订提供科学依据.     

Potential Corridors for the Rusty Crayfish, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Orconectes Rusticus</Emphasis>, in Northern Wisconsin (USA) Lakes: Lessons for Exotic Invasions

We sampled 35 lakes in northern Wisconsin to determine the presence of Orconectes rusticus, the rusty crayfish, and related this pattern to several parameters pertaining to potential invasion routes that could influence the distribution of these crayfish in the lakes. The presence of rusty crayfish in lakes was positively related to an index of human use and negatively related to the length of stream connections to other lakes containing the crayfish. Humans appear to act as vectors allowing crayfish to travel along discontinuous routes that otherwise would be inaccessible to them, and thus, provide crayfish with spatially discontinuous corridors that increase the probability of movement by channelizing the space between lakes. In contrast, streams correspond closely to the traditional definition of terrestrial corridors, in that they are spatially continuous. This distribution pattern suggests colonization operating via two corridors with two spatial scales, making management of the invasion of rusty crayfish complex.     

Study on Economic and Ecological Environment Effects of Ecological Cropping Patterns in Small Watershed

在三峡库区典型紫色土坡耕地,设置了四种生态种植模式,进行经济和生态环境效应的研究。结果表明:投入产出比,梨×连翘/花生>桃×连翘/花生>桃/花生>梨/花生>CK,其中梨×连翘/花生与桃×连翘/花生模式分别比对照提高69.9%和65.5%,;影响果树冠幅的主要因子是土层厚度、坡位与种植模式;套种连翘的二种模式须根量明显比其它模式高,树种根系分布特征、种植密度和土层厚度是影响须根量的主要因素;种植模式和坡位均显著影响土壤孔隙度的发育,各种植模式的土壤孔隙度顺序:梨×连翘/花生>桃×连翘/花生>桃/花生>梨/花生>CK,随坡位的升高土壤孔隙度呈降低的趋势;各生态种植模式土壤肥力均比对照有所提高,乔、灌、草结合是一种较好的维持土壤肥力模式。结合生态、经济指标,三峡库区紫色土丘陵区可推广梨×连翘/花生模式与桃×连翘/花生两种模式。     

草坪与稀树草坪生态作用的比较分析

草坪和稀树草坪是城市绿地生态系统的重要组成部分。但是它们的生态作用又有较大差异 ,通过对降低噪音 ,吸附灰尘 ,降低温度与增加湿度等生态作用的测定和定量分析 ,证明草坪和稀树草坪对城市生态系统的有利影响都明显高于裸地 ,稀树草坪的作用又明显高于单一的草坪     

Exposure to sulfosulfuron in agricultural drainage ditches: field monitoring and scenario-based modelling

Field monitoring and scenario-based modelling were used to assess exposure of small ditches in the UK to the herbicide sulfosulfuron following transport via field drains. A site in central England on a high pH, clay soil was treated with sulfosulfuron, and concentrations were monitored in the single drain outfall and in the receiving ditch 1 km downstream. Drainflow in the nine months following application totalled 283 mm. Pesticide lost in the first 12.5 mm of flow was 99% of the total loading to drains (0.5% of applied). Significant dilution was observed in the receiving ditch and quantifiable residues were only detected in one sample (0.06 microg litre(-1)). The MACRO model was evaluated against the field data with minimal calibration. The parameterisation over-estimated the importance of macropore flow at the site. As a consequence, the maximum concentration in drainflow (2.3 microg litre(-1)) and the total loading to drains (0.76 g) were over-estimated by factors of 2.4 and 5, respectively. MACRO was then used to simulate long-term fate of the herbicide for each of 20 environmental scenarios. Resulting estimates for concentrations of sulfosulfuron in a receiving ditch were weighted according to the prevalence of each scenario to produce a probability distribution of daily exposure.     

宁南黄土丘陵区旱地作物水分平衡特征与水分生态适应性研究

依据田间试验结果 ,对宁南黄土丘陵区主要作物水分平衡特征与水分生态适应性进行定量评价。结果表明 ,夏熟作物全生育期水分满足率 ,干旱年份为 5 5 9%～ 6 3 8% ,丰水年份为84 1%～ 86 4 % ;秋熟作物全生育期水分满足率 ,干旱年份为 6 7 7%～ 79 0 % ,丰水年份为92 1%～ 95 1%。水分生态适应性因作物类型和降水条件而存在差异 ,秋熟作物水分生态适应性指数高于夏熟作物 ,丰水年份的作物水分生态适应性指数高于干旱年份。旱地 6种主要作物的水分生态适应性指数排序依次为 :谷子 >马铃薯 >糜子 >胡麻 >豌豆 >春小麦。研究结果可为制定合理的旱区种植制度决策方案提供理论依据     

生态入侵植物豚草及其综合防治

豚草Ambrosia artemisiifolia自从传入我国后,现已遍布全国大部分地区,对人体健康和生态环境均造成严重危害,导致生物多样性丧失,带来巨大的经济损失,是一种典型的“绿色污染”,已成为我国危害最为严重的生态入侵植物之一。根据其自身的生态学特性及其危害以及当前所使用的各种防除方法,同时考虑生态系统的可持续发展确立了防除豚草应采取以生物防除、替代控制为主体,辅以人工防除、化学防除的综合治理策略。     

施用"氰铵化钙"对紫花苜蓿生长效应的试验

对来自国内外的4个紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa品种进行了“氰铵化钙”苗前除草剂的使用效果试验,主要对杂草的抑制率和增产效果进行了测定。结果表明,施用“氰铵化钙”对杂草有显著的抑制作用,尤其是对禾本科杂草抑制率均达69.7%以上;对各品种的增产效果也很显著,增产幅度达10.2%~28.2%,品种中以飞马的增产效果最明显。初步分析,“氰铵化钙”作为苗前除草剂用于苜蓿草生产,对苜蓿还有增产效果,因此值得推广应用。     

Lotka-Volterra数学模型在草地管理中的应用

介绍了Lotka-Volterra数学模型建立、求解方法,详细讨论了该模型在草地生态系统中的应用特点。通过分析认为可以利用Lotka-Volterra模型调控草地生态系统中载畜量与草地牧草产量间的关系,从而准确指导草地畜牧业生产。     

生态足迹时间序列趋势外推分析的一种新方法及其应用

应用数学生态学的有关理论与方法,结合生态足迹的概念,提出了一种生态足迹时间序列的新的趋势外推分析方法;并以甘肃省河西绿洲农业区为研究对象,对其生态足迹进行了趋势外推分析的实例计算。结果表明,本研究中的趋势外推分析方法在生态足迹时间序列分析中的应用能够取得较好的结果;但模型本身的不足使其在实际数据存在短期剧烈波动时,拟合的结果与实际值之间存在较大的差距。本研究提出的包含随机影响的趋势外推分析方法进一步补充和完善了原有生态足迹分析方法的不足,在理论和实践中都有较高的指导和应用价值。