松嫩羊草草原火烧后地上生产力的变化

松嫩羊草草甸草原不同时间火烧后，对羊草种群地上初级生产力产生不同影响，伴随出现不同的次级生产力变化格局，早春火烧提高羊草种群地上生产力，８月份产量增１４．６％，晚春火烧导致羊草种群地上生产力下降，８月份产量降低１５．５％，与未烧相比差异显著，火烧后，叶茎比率提高，尤其是晚春火烧处理，叶茎比率最高，火烧后，蝗虫数量增多，但晚烧地７月份蝗虫数量多，早烧地８月份蝗虫数量多，未烧地基本保持稳定，三者之间差     

关注绿色包装和绿色设计

当前 ,可持续发展的经济是人们不断探讨的一个热门话题 ,对于包装设计工作者来说 ,他们更多关注的可能是绿色包装和绿色设计。本文从商品包装对环境的污染和对资源的浪费问题入手 ,阐述了发展绿色包装 ,推广绿色设计对保护环境方面所起的重要作用。     

用生态农业的观点试论林区草地的开发与利用

通过对地球所面临的资源、环境和人口“三大危机”的概述,表明了生态农业在林草业开发中的重要性。并从生态学和宏观发展战略角度论述了林草业开发利用的价值、途径、前景及对策。     

Abundance estimates of perch fry (Perca fluviatilis), complicated by grouped behaviour

Schnabel's mark and recapture abundance estimates of perch fry in Kli?ava Reservoir (Czech Republic), differentially marked in autumn and in spring, partly failed due to the existence of groups of individuals which behaved differently. There were three groupings. 1) a group of fry caught by shore seining from autumn of the first year (O+) to summer of the second year of life (1+), the only group in the littoral during late autumn and early spring and the fry with the slowest growth rate; 2) a group of perch fry that consisted of males maturing at 1 year and that dominated the trap catches in reservoir; 3) a group of fry that avoided the littoral in late autumn and during March-May 1983, which appeared in the littoral in May and June 1983, thus diluting the previously marked littoral fry. These 3 groupings of fry were relatively stable and separable throughout 1–2 years, apart for the mixing of groups 1 and 3 that took place in the littoral during the summer. The density of perch fry of 1982 year class in spring 1983 was estimated to be about 0.094 individuals per m².     

水稻节水灌溉模式试验研究

以水稻非充分灌溉试验的大量实测资料为基础，分析了不同稻田水分状况对水稻主要生态环境因素的影响，讨论了节水灌溉条件下水稻的生理机制及产量形成特点，提出了水稻高产省水的合理灌溉模式。     

塔里木河下游生态输水对草地恢复的影响

结合塔里木河下游生态输水,通过对植被和地下水的监测,分析了输水对下游草地恢复的影响。结果显示:随着生态输水,塔里木河下游输水河道附近地下水位大幅升高,下游草地也出现明显的生态恢复,主要表现在植被种类和草地覆盖度的变化。但是由于不同草本植物对地下水位的适应程度不同,距河道不同距离植物响应的程度不同。而对于因河水漫溢出现的恢复区,其植被种类和覆盖度表现与因地下水升高而恢复的区域差异较大,说明不同输水方式对草地生态恢复的影响程度不同。     

Characterization of Pectolytic Erwinias as Highly Sophisticated Pathogens of plants

Erwinia carotovora and Erwinia chrysanthemi are the two most important soft rotting bacteria of commercially-grown plants. They are genetically diverse as is evident from polymorphisms in the pel and recA genes as well as in rrn, the ribsomal gene cluster. Subpopulations grouped into biovars, pathovars, or subspecies associated with various hosts and in different geographic regions suggest specialization in host preference and/or survival in diverse environments. Previous characterization of the pectolytic erwinias as opportunistic pathogens is being replaced by a realization that this group of bacteria exhibits a sophisticated repertoire of pathogenicity and virulence genes and regulators. The presence of an entire hrp gene cluster and associated type III secretion system, and global regulators which regulate virulence determinants such as exoenzyme production and motility, attest to a highly specialized pathogen. The fact that production of extracellular plant cell wall-degrading enzymes are coordinately activated by the diffusible signal molecule N-acyl-homoserine lactone in a population density-dependent manner may explain the occurrence of pectolytic erwinia in asymptomatic plant tissues. Transgenic plants expressing bacterial quorum-sensing signal molecules modulate this sensory system and exhibit resistance to soft rot infection. The pectolytic erwinias, being significant plant pathogens that are neither of quarantine concern nor a human health hazard while readily isolated from field sources, make an ideal model for investigating the genetic basis of plant pathogenesis and environmental fitness.     

中国的生态农业建设

介绍了生态农业的产生背景，论述了中国生态农业的发展历程及其特点，指出我国的生态农业既不同于西方的生态农业，也不完全是传统农业的回归，它是在中国具有的历史条件和生态经济条件下形成的一种多层次、多结构、多功能的集约经营管理的综合农业生产体系。简介了近20年来在我国生态农业实践中形成的几种成功的生态农业模式，同时对目前生态农业建设中应注意的问题进行了探讨。     

Einfluß eines variierten N-Angebots auf α-Amylase-Aktivität, primäre Dormanz und Auswuchsresistenz von Weichweizen (Triticum aestivum L.), Roggen (Secale cereale L.) und Triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack)

Influence of Varying N-Fertilization Rates on α-Amylase Activity, Primary Dormancy and Resistance to Pre-Harvest Sprouting in Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.), Rye ( Secale cereale L.) and Triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack)
Pre-harvest sprouting, induced by unfavourable ecological conditions, can affect the grain growers success considerably. Positive correlations are reported between resistance to pre-harvest sprouting and primary dormancy. Genotypes with a short dormancy period have a high pre-harvest sprouting risk. In the case of a premature germination of caryopses in the head of grain a hydrolysis of intact starch granules caused by the endoenzyme α-amylase takes place in the endosperm.
Negative correlations between falling number and protein content are reported, however, it is unknown, if a varying N-application influences pre-harvest sprouting rates, dormancy periods and amylase activity. For this reason, both greenhouse and field trials were conducted with different N-fertilization rates and (additional in the greenhouse) a rain simulation treatment.
High amounts of α-amylase a few days post anthesis are opposed to small enzyme activities in mature kernels. Stratificating temperatures and germination inducing precipitations at the same time are inducing pre-harvest sprouting and a high α-amylase activity especially in rye and triticale. It seems as if N-deficiency reduces the possibility of pre-harvest sprouting, on the other hand high N-rates increase the enzymes' activity and promote germination processes in the kernel. Effects of N-fertilization on dormancy are not known.
In the discussion of reasons for an increase of α-amylase activity in sprouted grain caryopses, changes in the relation of the phytohormones gibberellic acid (promoter of enzyme activities) and abscisine acid are mainly presumed.     

Lethal and sub-lethal effects of spinosad on bumble bees (Bombus impatiens Cresson)

Recent developments of new families of pesticides and growing awareness of the importance of wild pollinators for crop pollination have stimulated interest in potential effects of novel pesticides on wild bees. Yet pesticide toxicity studies on wild bees remain rare, and few studies have included long-term monitoring of bumble bee colonies or testing of foraging ability after pesticide exposure. Larval bees feeding on exogenous pollen and exposed to pesticides during development may result in lethal or sub-lethal effects during the adult stage. We tested the effects of a naturally derived biopesticide, spinosad, on bumble bee (Bombus impatiens Cresson) colony health, including adult mortality, brood development, weights of emerging bees and foraging efficiency of adults that underwent larval development during exposure to spinosad. We monitored colonies from an early stage, over a 10-week period, and fed spinosad to colonies in pollen at four levels: control, 0.2, 0.8 and 8.0 mg kg(-1), during weeks 2 through 5 of the experiment. At concentrations that bees would likely encounter in pollen in the wild (0.2-0.8 mg kg(-1)) we detected minimal negative effects to bumble bee colonies. Brood and adult mortality was high at 8.0 mg kg(-1) spinosad, about twice the level that bees would be exposed to in a 'worst case' field scenario, resulting in colony death two to four weeks after initial pesticide exposure. At more realistic concentrations there were potentially important sub-lethal effects. Adult worker bees exposed to spinosad during larval development at 0.8 mg kg(-1) were slower foragers on artificial complex flower arrays than bees from low or no spinosad treated colonies. Inclusion of similar sub-lethal assays to detect effects of pesticides on pollinators would aid in development of environmentally responsible pest management strategies.