玉米棒三叶光合性状对茎秆糖含量的影响

以YXD053和98A-04两个茎秆高糖自交系及Y6-1茎秆低糖自交系为材料,分析玉米棒三叶光合性状对玉米茎秆糖含量的影响。结果表明,3个自交系茎秆糖含量在雄穗始花期基本一致,雄穗始花后21 d茎秆糖含量差异最大。不同茎秆糖含量玉米自交系光合参数特征明显,与茎秆低糖自交系Y6-1相比,茎秆高糖自交系YXD053和98A-04光合速率有较长的高光合功能持续期,且在子粒发育后期有较高的光合速率。茎秆低糖自交系Y6-1胞间CO_2浓度及蒸腾速率高于茎秆高糖自交系YXD053和98A-04,气孔导度及叶面积对茎秆糖含量的影响在2个茎秆高糖自交系之间表现不一致。乳熟期棒三叶光合速率可作为茎秆糖含量的选择指标。     

Enhanced kernel set promoted by synchronous pollination determines a tradeoff between kernel number and kernel weight in temperate maize hybrids

Maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield is strongly related to the number of harvested kernels, where kernel number can be increased by synchronously pollinating silks rather than allowing them to be progressively pollinated as they naturally appear from the husks. However, there is scarce evidence on how this practice affects kernel weight (KW) and plant grain yield (PGY), and no report exists on its effects when combined with treatments aimed to reduce apical dominance, like male sterility and detasseling. Field experiments were conducted in two growing seasons (Exp₁ and Exp₂) using two hybrids, cropped at contrasting stand densities (3 and 9 plants per m²) and including (i) male-fertile and male-sterile versions, (ii) tasseled and detasseled plants, and (iii) natural (NP) and synchronous pollination (SP; pollen added manually to ears bagged 5 days after initial silking) systems. Tassel growth of sterile and fertile versions was also evaluated in a separate experiment (Exp₃). Detasseling increased the number of ears per plant reaching silking (P < 0.001) of NP plants, but this beneficial effect of reduced apical dominance did not improve kernel number per plant (KNP) or PGY. Similarly, the early arrest of anther growth in male-sterile plants had no clear benefit on KNP. In contrast, KNP was enhanced by synchronous pollination (range between −13% and +71%; average of +15.4% in Exp₁ and +3.9% in Exp₂). However, this pollination system promoted a decreased in KW (range between −30% and +4%; average of −11.8% in Exp₁ and −7.8 in Exp₂) such that the treatment had no effect on PGY (range between −19% and +37%; average of +1% in Exp₁ and −4% in Exp₂). Because plant growth rate around flowering was not different between pollination treatments, assimilate availability per kernel was reduced from ovary fertilization onwards in synchronously pollinated plants when compared to open pollinated plants. This explains the reduced KW when increasing KNP by synchronous pollination. In summary, none of the imposed treatments allowed grain yield to be increased at the plant level.     

基于机器视觉的玉米果穗参数的图像测量方法

在玉米育种和品质研究中,经常需要对玉米的果穗长度、果穗宽度、穗行数、穗粒数等参数进行测量。该研究提出了一种基于机器视觉的玉米果穗参数图像测量方法。使用PC摄像头连续采集旋转台上的玉米果穗图像,经过图像处理,获得玉米穗的图像区域,进而得到玉米果穗的穗长和穗宽参数;通过对玉米果穗局部区域的x方向和y方向累计像素值曲线进行分析,提取出玉米穗行,获得每一穗行的穗粒数和穗行宽度;通过图像匹配,获得玉米果穗的穗行数。试验表明,使用该研究方法对玉米果穗的长度、宽度和穗行数的参数测量准确率可达98%以上,对穗行宽及总穗粒数测量准确率达95%以上,整穗的平均检测时间约102 s/穗。该研究实现了玉米果穗参数快速有效的自动检测,相对于目前采用的人工检测,大大提供检测效率,降低劳动强度,可应用于玉米千粒质量检测、产量预测、育种和品质分析等场合。     

Characterizing Spatial Variability of Soil Textural Fractions and Fractal Parameters Derived from Particle Size Distributions

Soil particle size distribution (PSD) is a fundamental physical property affecting other soil properties. Characterizing spatial variability of soil texture is very important in environmental research. The objectives of this work were: 1) to partition PSD of 75 soil samples, collected from a flat field in the University of Guilan, Iran, into two scaling domains using a piecewise fractal model to evaluate the relationships between fractal dimensions of scaling domains and soil clay, silt, and sand fractions and 2) to assess the potential of fractal parameters as an index used in a geostatistical approach reflecting the spatial variability of soil texture. Features of PSD of soil samples were studied using fractal geometry, and geostatistical techniques were used to characterize the spatial variability of fractal and soil textural parameters. There were two scaling domains for the PSD of soil samples. The fractal dimensions of these two scaling domains (D₁ and D₂) were then used to characterize different ranges of soil particle sizes and their relationships to the soil textural parameters. There was a positive correlation between D₁ and clay content (R² = 0.924), a negative correlation between D₁ and silt content (R² = 0.801), and a negative correlation between D₂ and sand content (R² = 0.913). The geometric mean diameter of soil particles had a negative correlation with D₁ (R² = 0.569) and D₂ (R² = 0.682). Semivariograms of fractal dimensions and soil textural parameters were calculated and the maps of spatial variation of D₁ and D₂ and soil PSD parameters were provided using ordinary kriging. The results showed that there were also spatial correlations between D₁ and D₂ and particle size fractions. According to the semivariogram models and validation parameters, the fractal parameters had powerful spatial structure and could better describe the spatial variability of soil texture.     

山地丘陵区不同土地利用方式对空心村整治还田土壤团聚体特征的影响

以探明不同土地利用方式对土壤团聚体的影响为目的,为提高山地丘陵区空心村整治还田土壤稳定性及生产性能提供科学依据。在陕西澄县山地丘陵区空心村整治还田后,设置5种不同的土地利用方式,开展为期1年的种植试验,分别为玉米(C处理)、小麦(W处理)、蔬菜(V处理)、药材(M处理)及对照(未种:CK处理)。测定分析干筛法和湿筛法0—40cm土层土壤团聚体分布、平均质量直径(WMD)、几何平均直径(GMD)、团聚体破坏率(PAD)、不稳定团粒数(ELT)和分形维数(D)。结果表明:(1)各处理在0—40cm各土层土壤团聚体数量及大小均显著优于CK处理,各处理干筛下0—40cm土层0.25mm团聚体含量(DR0.25)和湿筛下该含量(WR0.25)随着土壤土层深度的增加呈现相反的趋势;(2)干筛法和湿筛法0—40cm土层各处理土壤平均重量直径(MWD)平均值和几何平均直径(GMD)平均值大小顺序均呈现W处理C处理M处理V处理CK处理,C处理有助于增加表层土壤大团聚体含量,W处理则有助于增加下层土壤大团聚体含量;(3)湿筛法分析表明,各处理土壤团聚体破坏率(PAD)和不稳定团粒指数(ELT)在0—40cm土层内均表现出近似"Z"字形趋势,各处理显著低于CK;(4)各处理的分形维数(D)在0—40cm土层平均值大小顺序为C处理W处理M处理V处理CK处理。土壤分形维数(D)与干筛法和湿筛法下0—40cm土层0.25mm团聚体含量之间存在良好的线性关系,分别为R2=0.74和R2=0.67。空心村整治还田后种植玉米和小麦有利于提高0—40cm土层大团聚体含量,增加土层稳定性,改善土壤结构。     

玉米梳齿摘穗单体机构设计与试验

针对现有玉米收获机摘穗机构行距固定,难以实现按需调整以适应各类行距的问题,设计了一种玉米梳齿摘穗单体机构。该机构主要由梳齿滚筒、梳齿杆、梳齿杆安装座及传动轴等组成。相邻两梳齿杆的间隙小于玉米果穗大端的直径且大于玉米茎秆的直径,利用冲力将玉米果穗强制摘下。初步试验表明,玉米梳齿摘穗单体机构能够可靠地完成玉米摘穗作业。在玉米籽粒含水率为35.5%,玉米梳齿摘穗单体机构转速为110~170 r/min时,工作状况较好,籽粒破碎率的范围为0.14%~0.48%,落地籽粒损失率范围为0.03%~0.17%。正交试验结果表明,当转速为110 r/min,梳齿杆圆弧半径为240 mm,梳齿传动轴位于果穗大端下方100 mm时工作情况较好,籽粒破碎率为0.09%,落地籽粒损失率为0.04%,果穗损失率为1.96%。     

子午岭植被恢复过程中土壤团聚体有机碳含量的变化

土壤有机碳是土壤团聚体形成的重要胶结剂之一，土壤团聚体分布影响有机碳含量及其稳定性。对子午岭植被恢复过程中团聚体有机碳含量变化的研究结果显示：相对于农田，植被恢复可增加土壤各个粒径团聚体有机碳含量．同时增加不同层次土壤团聚体有机碳含量。就粒径而言，虽然各个植被下〈0．25mm土壤团聚体有机碳含量最低，植被类型变化对土壤团聚体有机碳含量影响最大的是〈0．25mm粒径，辽东栎林地〈0．25mm土壤团聚体有机碳含量是农田〈0．25mm团聚体有机碳含量的3倍；其次，植被类型对〉5mm团聚体有机碳含量影响较大，辽东栎、早期森林、灌丛、草地和弃耕地土壤〉5mm团聚体有机碳含量比农田土壤〉5ram团聚体有机碳含量高149％，209％，104％，62％，10％。说明植被演替可增加土壤团聚体有机碳含量，但首先是增加较大粒径团聚体的有机碳含量；随着植被的进一步演替，小粒径团聚体有机碳含量也相应的增加，这部分有机碳是稳定的，说明植被恢复增强了土壤的碳汇功能。     

脉冲式烟雾水雾机热力雾化水剂农药效果分析

针对脉冲式烟雾水雾机在喷施水雾剂农药时常出现滴液、流液或较大雾滴群等雾化不良现象,通过改装6HYW-60S型脉冲式烟雾水雾机,将药液流量设置成可调的测试装置,设定5个油门开度及4个药液流量,测试了脉冲发动机喷药前后的气流速度、温度及各喷药工况下的雾滴粒径分布。结果表明,在最小的油门启动开度到最大的油门工作开度可调范围内,对应的脉冲发动机燃油消耗率变化范围较小（相对变化13.0%）,喷管内对应的气流温度与速度也发生同等程度的变化。喷药时,喷管口处的气流温度与速度发生明显变化,由不喷药时约700℃的高温气流下降为75℃左右的雾滴流,相应的气流速度下降了16%左右;油门开度及药液流量对雾滴流温度的影响非常小,但对雾滴流速度的影响非常明显,油门开度增大,雾滴流速度明显增加,药液流量增大,雾滴流速度明显下降。在各油门开度下,对最小药液流量20L/h的雾化效果均不佳,尤其距喷雾出口较近处存在大量的300μm以上的较大雾滴,这些大雾滴极易跌落至地面,无法有效喷施到目标物上;药液流量增大至40L/h及以上时,各油门开度下的雾滴体积中径均较小,同一工况下各位置点的平均值不超过60μm。热力雾化的雾滴粒径分布曲线不是单一峰值的正态分布形态,常会出现不同中心雾滴粒径的雾滴群,且这些雾滴群的中心雾滴粒径基本保持一致。从喷雾出口喷出的雾滴流中,喷管中心轴线上的雾滴细小均匀、雾化充分,中心轴线上方的雾滴一般比中心点处稍大,中心轴线下方雾滴明显增大,且距中心轴线越远的下方,雾滴增大越明显,即雾滴流中较大雾滴群的量逐渐增加。以药液流量60L/h及油门开度90°为最佳雾化工况,在整个喷施区域内均形成了良好的雾化效果。     

活动导叶分布圆直径对混流式水轮机水力性能的影响

对于混流式水轮机,活动导叶与固定导叶以及转轮的相对位置直接影响导水机构和转轮内部流动,对水轮机安全、稳定、高效运行起到重要作用。采用商业软件ANSYS CFX 16. 0对某电站水轮机模型机全流道进行三维数值模拟计算,提出了5种活动导叶分布圆直径方案,分析不同方案下水轮机的外部能量特性与内部流场,寻找活动导叶安放的最佳位置。结果表明:适当增大活动导叶分布圆直径,可以有效改善叶片吸力面的低压区,降低活动导叶流域内水流的最大速度,改善转轮进口水流角,同时减小导水机构与转轮的水力损失。小流量工况下,D_0/D_1增大0. 031,水轮机效率提高了5. 28个百分点;设计工况与大流量工况下,活动导叶分布圆的变化对水轮机效率的影响相对于小流量工况较小,最高效率与最低效率的差值分别为0. 17%与0. 48%。因此,在一定范围内改变活动导叶的分布圆直径具有可实施性,对水轮机的优化设计有一定参考价值。     

缓解奶牛热应激的喷淋水滴粒径研究

为探讨夏季缓解奶牛热应激喷淋水滴粒径对降温效果的影响,通过现场实验测试了3种平均喷淋水滴粒径(0.829、0.947、1.127 mm)缓解奶牛热应激效果。实验中利用热像仪采集奶牛体表温度,同时测定呼吸频率、直肠温度生理指标,并在此基础上利用Merkel焓差理论分析计算奶牛喷淋降温换热量。结果表明,喷淋过程中,3种粒径(0.829、0.947、1.127 mm)在奶牛脖颈区域平均降温为0.7、1.1、0.9℃,腹部区域平均降温为0.7、1.4、1.5℃,平均呼吸频率分别降低0.6、4.2、2.1次/min;喷淋结束后,3种粒径在奶牛脖颈区域平均降温为0.2、0.4、0.6℃,腹部区域平均降温为0.1、0.5、0.6℃,平均呼吸频率降低-0.4、1.4、1.2次/min。喷淋前后奶牛直肠温度均控制在稳定范围内,且平均喷淋水滴粒径0.947 mm和1.127 mm低于0.829 mm时的奶牛平均直肠温度。3种平均喷淋水滴粒径对应的奶牛单位时间换热量分别为417.4、469.9、430.4 W,其中0.947 mm平均喷淋水滴粒径下换热量最大。因此,平均喷淋水滴粒径0.947 mm更适用于夏季奶牛喷淋降温。