Population differentiation and genetic variation inform translocation decisions for Liatris scariosa var. novae-angliae, a rare New England grassland perennial

Augmentation of small rare species populations is sometimes suggested on genetic grounds. However, outbreeding depression via dilution of local adaptation or break-up of genomic coadaptation may occur. These effects depend on the causes of population divergence. Here, we compare genetic measures of population divergence in Liatris scariosa var. novae-angliae, a rare New England perennial. We measured G_ST, neutral marker subdivision, and Q_ST, quantitative subdivision of propagule and juvenile plant traits. G_ST was relatively high. Q_ST for leaf shape exceeded G_ST, indicating local adaptation, while Q_ST for other traits fell within or below the G_ST range. Local adaptation appears low for juvenile traits, although the high G_ST cautions against translocation because of potential coadaptation. If translocation is still required, however, donor populations should contain high quantitative genetic diversity. We assess population size and allozyme diversity as predictors of quantitative genetic variation, but find these poor proxies for direct measurement.     

基于遥感的华北平原农作物时空分布变化特征分析

作物种植面积的多年时空变化是进行农业结构调整和优化的基础,也是开展农业减灾、地下水保护的重要依据。为了解华北平原主要作物近年来种植面积的时空变化过程,本文基于2000—2013年的MODIS NDVI数据和TM/ETM遥感数据提取当地主要作物的种植面积,并分析了华北平原主要作物近年来的时空变化特征。结果表明:1基于MODIS NDVI数据和TM/ETM遥感数据提取当地主要作物的种植面积,提取精度较高,结果可靠;2冬小麦?夏玉米主要分布于太行山前平原、山东省和河南省的引黄河灌区,单季玉米在河北平原北部分布最广,水稻集中分布于天津、河北唐山地区和黄河沿岸,蔬菜主要分布在城市郊区,林果分散分布于几个产果区和京津周边地区,棉花主要集中于华北平原中部地区。3华北平原粮食作物(小麦、玉米和水稻)种植面积明显下降,经济作物(林果和蔬菜)则显著增加,其中林果、蔬菜和水稻的面积变化率较大,分别为56.45%、35.76%和23.16%,蔬菜和水稻的位置转移明显。4景观格局AWMPFD和SHEI指数值表明,河北平原以南的冬小麦?夏玉米种植规模化程度提高,豫北地区冬小麦?夏玉米种植面积增加,豫北以北地区由于各类经济作物种植面积增加,区域作物种植多样化指数增加。该结果可为农业种植结构调整、资源合理利用提供参考。     

灌区土壤盐分空间变异及多因素响应关系

[目的]研究土壤含盐量空间特征和分布格局,分析土壤盐分空间格局与地下水、土壤物理特性参数间的空间响应关系,为灌区盐渍化防控提供理论依据。[方法]以黄河南岸灌区吉格斯太灌域为例,网格化布点,分层采样测定土壤含盐量、表层土壤含水量、颗粒组成、干容重并换算热容量及导热率,同步监测地下水埋深及含盐量,采用经典统计方法和地统计方法分析土壤含盐量空间分布特征及其与物理特性和地下水等因素间的空间相关性。[结果]灌域处于非盐化—轻度盐化状态,土壤含盐量呈中等空间变异程度,总体呈现相对独立的随机分布,空间结构特征可以用高斯模型和指数模型描述。土壤含盐量与地下水埋深呈显著负相关,与地下水含盐量呈显著正相关,地下水埋深1.6 m区域发生轻度盐渍化风险较高。0—20 cm土壤含盐量与黏粒含量、容重、含水量、导热率及热容量显著空间正相关,相关范围约2～6 km;与砂粒含量呈显著空间负相关,相关范围约2～4 km。20—60 cm土壤盐分与0—20 cm土壤黏粒、砂粒含量、导热率、热容量及含水量呈显著相关,相关范围与土壤表层略有差异。[结论]黏粒含量较高,含水率较大,地下水埋深1.6 m的区域是灌域盐渍化防控的重点区域。     

基于PSR模型的能源-生态复合区生态安全预警研究——以山西省忻州市为例

[目的]以山西省忻州市为例,探讨能源与生态复合区生态安全预警,为区域生态保护规划及区域高质量发展提供依据。[方法]基于PSR概念模型框架,从人口、资源、经济、环境、生态要素选取了21个指标建立了能源—生态复合区生态安全预警评价指标体系,采用熵值法确定权重,对山西省忻州市2000—2018年生态安全预警进行分析。[结果]①2018年忻州市14县综合预警值介于0.356 2～0.587 0之间,平均值为0.491 2,预警等级处于中警至轻警范围内。其中忻府区、定襄、五台、繁峙、静乐5县(区)警情为中警状态,其余7县(市)均为轻警状态,忻州市整体生态安全并不乐观,生态安全等级较低。②2000—2018年忻州市生态安全预警值呈波动缓慢上升趋势,警情为中警等级的县减少,轻警等级的县增加。[结论]研究区生态安全空间上呈现不均衡性,警情整体趋于改善,主要取决于系统压力中的经济、资源、环境压力趋缓。     

广东省1992-2015年土地覆被变化的时空差异及其成因

[目的] 从地形和社会经济两个因素出发探讨广东省土地覆被变化的时空差异及成因，为土地资源的可持续利用提供依据。[方法] 基于1992-2015年间广东省土地覆被数据，使用土地利用动态度、土地利用转移矩阵、灰色关联分析等方法量化土地覆被变化的时空特征与差异。[结果] 广东省土地覆被变化以2000年为节点可分为前期（1992-2000年）和后期（2000-2015年）两个阶段。前期耕地面积显著增加，建筑用地面积增速缓慢；后期耕地面积减小，建筑用地面积扩张迅速。地形因素造成土地覆被变化存在空间差异性。在高程低，坡度缓的区域土地覆被变化主要是耕地转化为建筑用地，而在坡度中等区域主要是林地转为耕地。社会经济因素造成土地覆被变化呈现较明显时间差异性，多种因子驱动广东省土地覆被发生变化。但对于不同的土地覆被类型，驱动因子前后期的关联度大小不同，土地覆被发生变化是多种因子驱动叠加的结果。[结论] 地形因素会造成土地覆被变化的空间差异，而社会经济因素导致土地覆被变化的时间差异。     

延河水沙变化分析

延河甘谷驿水文站以上水土流失面积５８９１ｋｍ２，年均侵蚀模数８０００ｔ／ｋｍ２。该流域自５０年代开展水土保持综合治理，截至１９８９年底止，已完成水土保持综合治理面积２５９３．６ｋｍ２，治理程度达４４％。采用水文法、水保法分析河流水沙变化，与非治理时段１９５６～１９６９年相比，治理期７０～８０年代年均减沙２６４０万ｔ，减少了４０％，其中降雨偏枯影响占８％，下垫面影响占９２％；治理期内年均减水０．４４亿ｍ３，减少了１７．５％，其中降雨影响占２３．８％，下垫面影响占７６．２％。在下垫面减沙减水中，水土保持措施的作用分别占７２．７％和５０．６％。     

基于人工智能计算技术的区域性土壤水盐环境动态监测

根据区域水环境监测与评价的要求，采用人工智能计算技术的BP神经网络模型进行二维区域性土壤水盐环境动态监测，仿真计算了河套灌区内两个实验区的区域土壤水盐动态值，绘制出水盐等值线图与三维透视图，将两年的预测成果对比分析。结果表明：隆胜实验区2002、2004两年春季耕作层土壤水分平均值稳定为21.0%，电导率平均值分别为0.35 ms/cm、0.42 ms/cm，有少量积盐。沙壕渠实验区两年春季耕作层土壤水分平均值分别为25.8%、21.8%，水分减少4%，而电导率明显增加，从0.44 ms/cm增至0.66 ms/cm，土壤耕层积盐明显，值得引起重视。由于BP神经网络技术对原始数据无参数及分布要求，不涉及特异值处理问题，可消除普通克立格法的平滑效应，具有较强的非线性拟合智能，对采样系统布置无严格要求，计算程序简单实用，是对常用地质统计学Kriging传统预测方法的改进，有独特的优点，可应用于大面积土壤水盐动态监测工作。     

额济纳旗绿洲生态环境的遥感动态监测分析

在干旱区利用光学遥感可以对其沙化状况、治沙效果进行监测 ,得到良好的监测效果。利用 L and-sat TM遥感图像并结合 GIS分析了绿洲最近 15 a来额济纳绿洲生态环境变化情况 ,分析表明额济纳沙漠化土地已遍布全旗。( 1)绿洲北部、东部等的湖泊水体范围在锐减 ;( 2 )绿洲面积在明显减少。2 0 0 0年比1986年后 15 a来绿洲面积减少了 6 1.48% ,平均每年面积递减 4.39% ;( 3)绿洲质量及盖度在下降。绿洲生态环境质量下降的主要原因是人类对水资源与土地的不合理利用 ,因此 ,通过引进现代高新技术如遥感的监测与系统地分析及科学地治理 ,额济纳旗绿洲生态恢复是完全可能的     

Factors influencing the intensification of farming systems and soil‐nutrient management in the rural‐urban continuum of SW Ghana

Farmers in Ghana use a variety of soil‐fertility management practices to optimize the benefits of shifting cultivation and/or to intensify their production. The research question was to analyze the relationship between these practices and the availability of the production factors land, labor, and capital. A farm survey along a gradient through SW Ghana showed that there is only a weak link between the intensification of traditional farming systems, population pressure, and reduced fallow periods as long as shifting cultivation is possible and common. Even where fallow periods reach a cut‐off point, farmers might look for land in remoter areas or invest in off‐farm activities. Only where market proximity supports the production of high‐value crops, investment flows are used to maintain continuous cultivation on favorable production sites, especially those with water access. The results verify the validity of the framework of agricultural‐systems dynamics in W Africa, developed by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) and the importance to distinguish between population‐driven and market‐driven situations. Both meet in periurban areas, which make them hot spots for research and development, while support for intensification is likely to fail where markets are far and shifting cultivation still an option.     

Variation and Segregation for Rachis Fragility in Spelt Wheat, Triticum Spelta L.

Spelt wheat, Triticum spelta L., has been proved to be rich-sources of useful genes for tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress, and grain quality. But this crop plant has some undesirable traits including glume tenacity and brittle rachis. Free-threshing and reduced fragility of rachis are very important traits for cultivation. The objectives in the present study were to investigate genetic variation of rachis fragility in a wide range of spelt accessions, to examine its genetic segregation pattern, and to clarify if rachis fragility is associated with dosage of chromosome 5A in aneuploid lines of bread wheat. The results demonstrated that spelt germplasm contains a wide range of rachis toughness, and thus selection of spelt wheat with desirable characteristics combined with an appropriate level of tough rachis would be possible. Spike morphology in the F₂ plants was segregated into the three types, square-headed, speltoid, and compactoid. The F₂ plants with compactoid spikes had the most brittle rachis, followed by the speltoid and square-headed spike F₂ plants. Rachis fragility in bread wheat also had genetic variation and was associated with dosage of chromosome 5A.