陕北矮化栽培山地苹果幼树需水规律预判

采用田间试验的方法,通过对陕北地区矮化(自根砧M9-T337)富士一年生长量及其土壤含水量的测定,收集长时间序列气象资料,根据彭曼公式计算得出山地苹果幼树的潜在腾发量ETc与当年降水量进行对比,进而得出试验区第2年生幼树的需水规律。结果表明:在2017年的降水量条件下,试验区内降水量总和大于幼树需水量之和,但是在7月之前存在阶段性缺水问题;进一步分析得出,不管在湿润年、一般年、一般干旱年和特干旱年降水量条件下,由于陕北地区降水的时间分布不均匀性,虽然年内降水量足够满足果树生长所需水量,但在7月之前存在较为严重的水量亏缺,特干旱年甚至在10月之前都存在着水量亏缺,需要在果树萌芽前(3月)、枝条旺长期(4月)、花芽分化期(5,6月)以及开花期(7月)进行人为补充灌溉4～5次,根据前期降水量以及当前土壤含水量来确定灌水定额,灌水量范围选取果园田间持水量的60%～80%为标准。     

ACCUMULATION OF SILICON IN CYNODON DACTYLON X C. TRANSVAALENSIS AND POA TRIVIALIS USED AS AN OVERSEED GRASS

Calcium silicate has been used to supply silicon (Si) as a plant nutrient for enhancing crop production and the suppression of turf diseases. Research was initiated to determine the effect of calcium silicate on silicon uptake, turf quality, and its residual activity in providing plant available Si in two turfgrass systems. During 2005 and 2006, calcium silicate (CaSi, 12% Si) was applied as a topdressing at eight rates ranging from 0 to 342 kg m^?2 to a ‘Tifdwarf’ (Cynodon dactylon × C. transvaalensis Burtt Davy) green in the spring and to the same plots overseeded with ‘Wintergreen’ rough bluegrass (Poa trivialis L.) in the fall. At initiation of the study, dolomitic limestone and magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄) was applied to equilibrate calcium across all treatments based on the highest rate of CaSi. Every 28 days, treatments were rated for turf quality and then harvested to determine Si accumulation. One month after applying CaSi in 2005, Si concentration in the leaf tissue of Tifdwarf had increased linearly with increasing rates. This response continued through the months of May, June, July, August, and October with a 9%, 21%, 40%, 22% and 21% increase in Si concentration in the leaf tissue between the control and the 342 kg m^?2 rate, respectively. Although the rate response remained, there was an overall drop in average percent Si accumulation in leaf tissue across the treatments beginning three months after the first application. Similar responses were noted with the overseeded rough bluegrass with a 46%, 85%, 69%, 111% and 58% increase in Si concentration in the leaf tissue between the control and the 342 kg m^?2 rate, respectively. In contrast to the bermudagrass, over the five month period following application, the residual activity of Si in rough bluegrass remained high, suggesting that rough bluegrass might be a better Si accumulator in comparison to Tifdwarf bermudagrass. The second run of the experiment (2006–2007) and the residual trial had the same response with Si concentration in the leaf tissue increasing as the amount of CaSi applied increased. Although turfgrass quality was not well correlated to CaSi rate for Tifdwarf bermudagrass, there was an increase in quality ratings for rough bluegrass from December 2005 to April 2006.     

RFLP characterization of Indian Musa germplasm for clonal identification and classification

Summary Nineteen single-copy clones isolated from a PstI genomic library (cv. Maiden Plantain), and eight Vigna chloroplast DNA clones were used to probe total genomic DNA digests of 57 genotypes of Musa from India. The 19 genomic clones detected a total of 107 polymorphisms among the 57 genotypes. Principal coordinates and phenetic analyses of these data placed cultivars and species into distinct groups that were in general agreement with a previously published RAPD-based classification of these same plant materials. The 107 polymorphisms were sufficient to differentiate each clone from every other clone. Heterologous Vigna chloroplast DNA probes were used to characterize the cytoplasm of Musa cultivars and species. PCO analysis of these RFLPs were detected both within and between the generally recognized genome groups, indicating multiple hybridization pathways in the origin of hybrid clones. Data presented demonstrate that RFLPs are sufficiently abundant to classify Musa germplasm and that genetic relationships among Musa cultivars, based upon RFLP data, are in general agreement with relationships determined by analysis of morphology and RAPDs.     

Selection parameters for resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 1 and race 4 on diploid banana (Musa acuminata Colla)

Summary Shoot tip cultures from banana clones susceptible and resistant to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (FOC) race 1 and race 4 were grown in vitro in the presence of different concentrations of fusaric acid and fungal crude filtrates or inoculated with a conidial suspension of FOC to assess correlation between in vivo and in vitro behaviour. Explants were susceptible to both filtrate and fusaric acid irrespective to their known field resistance/susceptibility response. No clear linkage between in vivo and in vitro behaviour was observed and our results suggest that the use of crude filtrate or non-host specific toxin (fusaric acid) in a screening programme for selecting a novel resistant genotype of Musa to FOC is not feasible. When peroxidase activity was used as a parameter to discriminate between sesceptibility and tolerance, results were in good agreement with field response of host plant to pathogens. Early enzymatic activity increased in the incompatible host-pathogen interaction but not in the compatible interaction.Abbreviations IBA Indolebutyric acid - 2iP 6-dimethylallylamino-purine - VCG Vegetative Compatibility Group - FOC Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense - IEF isoelectrofocusing     

Plant Types and Gibberellin Responses of Chinese Dwarf-barley Genetic Resources

Plant types and gibberellin responses were investigated in 20 Chinese dwarf and two tall check-barley varieties Wide genetic variation was observed in plant height, ranging from 23.1 to 69.2 cm. Compared with the controls, no relationship was found between plant height and internode number, but a relationship was established between plant height and internode length. The ratio of the length to the diameter of each internode decreased greatly in most of the dwarfs. Three dwarf groups, three internode patterns and four leaf forms were differentiated in Chinese dwarf barleys based on the main culm height, successive internode lengths, and top three leaf widths and lengths. Most showed sensitivity to GA₃.     

水肥耦合对香蕉园土壤线虫群落结构及多样性的影响

以海南香蕉种植区为例,研究了水肥一体化条件下,不同水肥用量（低肥：每株香蕉施尿素400 g、磷酸二氢钾256 g、氯化钾1024 g;高肥：每株香蕉施尿素500 g、磷酸二氢钾320 g、氯化钾1280 g;低水：3800 L/株,高水：4750 L/株）对土壤线虫群落结构及多样性的影响。4个取样时期低肥低水（A）、低肥高水（B）、高肥低水（C）和高肥高水（D）4个处理的线虫总数、食细菌线虫数量、食真菌线虫数量、植物寄生线虫数量和捕食/杂食线虫数量均存在显著差异（P＜0.01）。本试验田中共鉴定出土壤线虫22科34属,其中巴兹尔属（Basiria）和针属（Paratylenchus）为优势属。单增加施肥量显著增加了植物寄生线虫数量和捕食/杂食线虫数量,同时增加施肥量和灌水量显著增加了线虫总数、食细菌线虫数量和食真菌线虫数量。从整个生育期来看,线虫总数和4个线虫营养类群的数量在苗期均较低,抽蕾期和成熟期均较高。4个取样时期A、B、C和D4个处理的多样性指数（Shannon diversity,H′）、自由生活线虫成熟度指数（Maturity index,MI）、通道指数（Channel ratio,NCR）、Wasilewska指数（Wasilewska index,WI）和富集指数（Enrichment index,EI）均存在显著差异（P＜0.01）。单增加灌水量显著增加了结构指数（Structure index,SI）和EI指数,单增加施肥量显著增加了H′和NCR指数,同时增加施肥量和灌水量显著增加了植物寄生线虫成熟度指数（plant parasite index,PPI）。从整个生育期来看,苗期的H′、NCR、SI和EI指数较高,营养生长期的MI和WI指数较高,抽蕾期的优势度指数（dominance index,λ）较高,成熟期的PPI指数较高。该研究结果表明,土壤线虫群落结构的变化很好地反映土壤水肥的变化状况,土壤线虫可作为施肥和灌溉过程中土壤质量变化的生物学指标。     

水稻矮秆突变体MU101的诱发及鉴定

利用60Co γ射线辐照籼稻材料M804,获得了1个性状能稳定遗传的矮秆突变体MU101,对其形态学及细胞学方面进行了鉴定分析表明,该突变体田间表现植株矮化,叶色浓绿,株型紧凑,长势较强,抽穗和分蘖正常,节间数较野生型减少2个,各节间不按比例缩短.该突变体可作为一个特殊类别材料进行深入研究,同时也为该突变基因的定位克隆...     

激素对陆地棉矮化突变体AS98的生理影响

分别用外源激素GA3、BR和IAA处理棉花极端矮化突变体AS98,比较分析突变体内源激素GA、IAA、ZR和ABA的含量、α-淀粉酶、POD和SOD活性变化,探索该矮化突变体的矮化机理。结果显示,施用外源GA3能显著增加AS98叶片GA、IAA、ZR和ABA的含量,GA的相对变化值(VR)为60.4%～64.5%,IAA的VR为6.8%～12.3%,ZR的VR为11.7%～30.7%,ABA的VR为45.7%～82.3%;低浓度外源IAA对AS98的内源GA和IAA的合成具有一定的促进作用,其VR分别为49%和0.67%,外源IAA对ZR的合成具有抑制效应,其VR为-21.5%～-30.2%,对ABA的合成具有一定的促进效应,其VR为5.1%～35.4%;外源BR对AS98的内源GA和ABA的合成具有促进作用,其VR分别为25.3%～30.4%和3.0%～65.6%,对ZR的合成具有抑制作用,其VR为-32.1%～-40.9%,而对IAA的合成具有明显的浓度效应,低浓度促进IAA合成,高浓度抑制IAA合成。外源GA3对AS98的α-淀粉酶活性影响具有浓度效应,低浓度具有促进作用,0.3μmol/L的GA3使α-淀粉酶活性提高82%。PP333对α-淀粉酶活性具有抑制作用,1.2μmol/L的PP333使α-淀粉酶活性降低42%,而且PP333对α-淀粉酶活性的抑制作用可以通过施用GA3得到恢复。PP333对SOD活性有促进作用,1.5μmol/LPP333SOD活性提高35%,而GA3对SOD活性具有抑制作用,1.5μmol/L使SOD活性降低48%。结果表明,AS98是一个GA缺陷型矮化突变体,施用外源GA3能使促进和抑制生长的内源激素显著增加,同时,使α-淀粉酶活性增加,POD和SOD活性降低,而PP333对α-淀粉酶活性的抑制作用可以通过施用GA3得到恢复。     

空间环境诱发水稻多蘖矮秆突变体的筛选与鉴定

对水稻品种丙 95 50 3经空间诱变处理产生的多蘖矮秆突变体R955进行主要农艺性状和矮生性鉴定。结果表明 ,R955在播种至抽穗天数、千粒重、籽粒体积、株型和谷粒着芒特性等性状上与ID 3等 5个已知矮秆基因的多蘖矮源明显不同。R955苗期对GA3反应不敏感 ,其矮生性受隐性矮秆基因控制 ,与d3、d10 、d14 、d17和d2 7基因均不等位。R955株高接近半矮生型 ,单株有效穗数多达 68个 ,株型良好 ,籽粒大小正常 ,在培育多穗型水稻品种上可能具有应用价值。     

农大4号与DS-1欧李正、反交F1代果实品质的遗传变异分析

为探究欧李果实品质的遗传规律,本研究选用欧李农大4号与DS-1及其正、反交后代群体为试验材料,测定双亲及后代群体果实的平均单果重、核重、纵横径、果形指数、可溶性固形物含量、类黄酮含量、总酚含量及抗氧化能力(DPPH、FRAP、ABTS),对其后代遗传规律进行分析。结果表明,所测定的指标均呈现正态或偏正态分布,呈连续变异,为多基因控制的数量遗传性状。纵径、横径、果形指数和可溶性固形物含量的变异系数均小于20%,后代未出现广泛分离,选择潜力较小,其中果形指数的变异系数最小,选择潜力最小,这与大多数欧李果实呈现扁圆形的情况一致。平均单果重、核重、类黄酮含量、总酚含量和抗氧化能力的变异系数均超过20%,后代广泛分离,选择潜力较大,尤其以平均单果重的选择潜力最大。平均单果重、纵横径受父本影响较大,以大果为父本时更易选出大果后代。果形指数不受父母本影响。可溶性固形物含量和核重表现明显的衰退变异,为趋小性遗传。以高类黄酮、总酚含量和抗氧化能力的植株为母本时,后代更易选出高类黄酮、总酚含量和抗氧化能力的优株。相关性分析将表型特征与内在物质含量相联系,为初步判断物质含量奠定重要基础。主成分分析提取了包括清除ABTS自由基和类黄酮含量的第一主成分和包括纵横径的第二主成分。聚类分析筛选出了具有较高生物活性、较强抗氧化能力和果实较大等不同特征的优株,可根据育种目标加以重点利用。本研究为欧李育种提供了重要参考的意义。