以电导法配合Log istic方程确定茶梅‘小玫瑰’的抗寒性

 摘　要: 以不同处理时间、不同低温处理下茶梅‘小玫瑰’叶片的电解质外渗率(REC) 变化作曲线,并结合Logistic方程分别计算茶梅的半致死温度(LT50 ) , 结果发现在低温处理6 h以上, 茶梅叶片的REC均随着处理温度的降低而呈“S”形上升, 由此计算出“S”形拐点对应的温度即为茶梅叶片的LT50 , 其温度值在- 1215℃至- 14℃之间, 这可认为是茶梅抗寒能力的重要指标。关键词:     

椪柑萎缩型枯水病和粒化型枯水病几种生理指标差异的研究

分析了椪柑萎缩型枯水与粒化型枯水以及正常果的生理差异。发现萎缩型枯水果的失重、呼吸速率显著高于粒化型枯水果,但其果肉水势和出汁率显著低于粒化型枯水果和正常果;萎缩型枯水与粒化型枯水一样,其脱落酸大量积累,14C-葡萄糖大量转化为不溶性物质。认为萎缩型枯水机理在于椪柑果实大量失水引发了逆境生理代谢,导致大量可溶性营养消耗,汁胞萎缩崩溃。     

黄瓜低温弱光耐受性机理及其应用研究的主要进展

选择低温弱光抗性水平不同的欧洲温室型、欧亚杂交型、华北温室型、华北露地型黄瓜(Cucumis sati- vus L.)的16个品种为试验材料,以光合代谢为切入点,开展苗期光合速率、光补偿点、1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶 (rubisco)活性和叶绿素a荧光动力学曲线的系统研究,结果表明:单一偏低温和偏低温弱光协效应未明显伤害光合系统,而临界低温可能伤及PSⅡ;偏低温和弱光组合时,弱光对黄瓜幼苗的影响起主导作用,弱光与临界低温组合时,临界低温起主导作用;偏低温弱光(单一弱光)下的叶面积增长量和临界低温下的冷害指数可分别作为评价黄瓜对偏低温弱光(单一弱光)耐受性和临界低温耐受性的比较稳定可靠的指标,据此设计了相关的评价指标体系。用117个重组自交系为材料,以弱光下叶面积增长量为指标进行弱光耐受性评价并以RAPD、AFLP、SSR分子图谱为基础,通过区间作图,检测到5个与黄瓜弱光耐受性有关的QTLs。采用mRNA差异显示银染技术克隆得到黄瓜冷敏型品种津研4号低温锻炼中特异表达基因的cDNA克隆(ccr18),其大小为639 bp。在基因组中以单拷贝或低拷贝形式存在。序列同源性比较表明它与拟南芥[Arabidopsis thaliana(L．)Heynh．]染色体ⅣBAC库中的 F14P3基因组序列具有88％的同源性。     

荔枝生产相关的水分生理指标远程监测研究

利用植物远程监测系统对荔枝园中的大气温湿度、土壤湿度、光照强度、大气蒸汽压差(VPD)等环境因子和茎干直径微变化、果实生长、叶片温度等树体生理指标进行了监测,发现该系统能准确及时并无伤害地记录他们的实时和周期性变化。据获得的数据初步表明,当果实处于快速膨大期,主茎的加粗生长明显缓慢,一旦果实采收后,茎干加粗生长则有一个迅速上升的变化;当土壤湿度高于33%(v/v)时,主茎的生长受到明显的抑制;VPD白天上升,夜间下降,当夜间VPD始终高于0,就形成所谓的“夜间干燥”,VPD的这种变化对荔枝主茎和果实的生长以及叶气温差(LATD)都有较大的影响,如主茎和果实的日间收缩量随VPD的增大而增大,夜间空气干燥不但抑制了主茎生长,也使日最大LATD下降。据此认为,果实和茎干的生长之间存在竞争关系,土壤湿度过高或者夜间空气干燥对荔枝的生长不利。     

苜蓿冠层温度与农艺性状的相关分析

对从国内外引进的31个苜蓿品种分枝期—结英期的冠层温度及其农艺性状指标进行了相关分析和偏相关分析。结果表明，苜蓿冠层温度与分枝期和现蕾期的茎叶比、开花期的叶面积和产量间存在显著的偏相关关系，可作为产量高低的间接或直接指标；由于农艺性状指标间互相关的影响，冠层温度与农艺性状指标间的单相关系数可靠性差，且与偏相关系数有明显的差异；排除农艺性状指标间互相关影响后，偏相关系数可靠性大，可作为变量间关系密切程度的量化指标。     

新疆石河子地区沙漠增温效应对绿洲农业影响的研究

由于沙漠 ,绿洲 ,空气的比热等热性能不同 ,形成沙漠夏季温度明显高于绿洲 ,进而对绿洲地区增温 ,称沙漠增温效应。石河子地区 1 0 0 km范围内沙漠对绿洲的增温平均 1 .76℃ ( 1～ 2℃ ) ;根据绿洲距沙漠的远近与气温间存在的线性关系 ,回归方程为 :y=2 7.5 2 97- 0 .0 335 x。 r=- 0 .881 3*。沙漠增温效应对绿洲农业有多方面作用 ,形成夏季富照高温、秋季大日较差以及促成棉花在夏季的“冷害”等 ,深刻地影响绿洲特色农业、栽培技术及人们生活     

全球气候暖干化对秦岭南北河流径流泥沙的影响研究

以秦岭南侧汉江和北侧渭河多年的径流泥沙观测资料，分析了全球气候暖干化对秦岭南北径流泥沙的变化。分析指出在80年代后，由于全球气候变化的影响，秦岭南北河流年均径流量均减少，与1935－1980年相比，汉江河流年均径流量减少1.9%，渭河河流年均径流量减少27.4%；同时汉江河流泥沙含量明显减少，但渭河河流泥沙含量呈增加趋势，是汉江河流泥沙含量133倍，表明了秦岭南北两侧在全球气候暖干化表现出明显的区域响应性。     

Effects of temperature on ascospore germination and penetration of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) leaves by A- or B-group Leptosphaeria maculans (phoma stem canker)

Ascospores of both A-group and B-group Leptosphaeria maculans germinated at temperatures from 5 to 20°C on leaves of oilseed rape. Germination of ascospores of both groups started 2 h after inoculation and percentage germination reached its maximum about 14 h after inoculation at all temperatures. Both the percentage of A-/B-group ascospores that had germinated after 24 h incubation and germ tube length increased with increasing temperature from 5 to 20°C. Germ tubes from B-group ascospores were longer than those from A-group ascospores at all temperatures, with the greatest difference at 20°C. Hyphae from ascospores of both groups penetrated the leaves predominantly through stomata, at temperatures from 5 to 20°C. A-group ascospores produced highly branched hyphae that grew tortuously, whereas B-group ascospores produced long, straight hyphae. The percentage of germinated ascospores that penetrated stomata increased with increasing temperature from 5 to 20°C and was greater for A-group than for B-group L. maculans after 40 h incubation.     

Leaf, floret and seed infection of wheat by Pyrenophora semeniperda

Infection processes of Pyrenophora semeniperda on seedling and adult wheat leaves and wheat ears were investigated. Almost 100% germination of conidia occurred on seedling leaves, compared with 20–30% on adult leaves. Appressoria formed over the anticlinal epidermal cell walls and haloes always accompanied infection. Sometimes papillae formed within the leaves as a resistance mechanism. Infection hyphae ramified through the intercellular spaces of the mesophyll resulting in cellular disruption. The infection processes on floral tissues were similar to those observed on leaves; however, no infection occurred on anther, stigmatic or stylar tissues. Infection of ovarian tissue occurred both with and without appressoria formation. Hyphae grew mainly in the epidermal layers and appeared unable to breach the integumental layer as no growth was observed in endosperm or embryo tissues. The optimum dew period temperature for conidial germination was 23·6°C, compared with 19·9°C for lesion development, 20·4°C for the production of infection structures on seedling leaves and 23·7°C for floret infection. Leaf disease development occurred in a logistic manner in response to dew period, with maximum infection observed after 21 h compared with > 48 h in seeds. An initial dark phase during the dew period was necessary for infection and temperature after the dew period had an effect, with significantly more numerous and larger lesions being formed at 15°C compared with 30°C. Seedling leaves were found to be more susceptible than older leaves, under both field and controlled environment conditions. Infection of wheat seeds following inoculation of ears, or after harvest burial of inoculated disease-free seeds, was demonstrated. In the latter, 3-week-old seedlings were slightly stunted, whereas older plants were unaffected. The apparent unimportance of this plant pathogen as a cause of leaf disease in relation to its poor adaptation to dew periods and dew period temperature is discussed, along with the importance of its seed borne characteristics.