用图像法分析茄子在冻干过程中的水分动态运移规律

为研究真空冻干果蔬内部水分扩散及运移过程和规律,以茄子为研究对象,运用图像处理技术建立水分运移微位移场并以微位移量对真空冻干过程中果蔬内部水分扩散及运移规律进行表达和定量分析。使用CCD(charge coupled device)相机每隔1 h采集茄子样本在真空冻干过程中横截面图像,直至6 h冷冻干燥完成终止。用自动阈值分割法、K均值聚类算法、伪彩色图像处理法可准确提取出原始图像中未冻干区域,再用Sobel边缘检测法提取得到水分边界。将6幅边界图像叠加并以物料几何中心为原点建立微位移场,用Harris角点检测法提取水分边缘与坐标轴相交的各个角点及其坐标值,计算得到每隔1 h各角点的位移量。通过对角点位移量与物料含水率相关性分析可知,模型显著性检验概率0.000 1,决定系数达0.999 8,说明模型检验极显著且拟合精度高。回归参数的检验结果表明,四个角点的微位移量对物料含水率平方的响应极显著,说明物料干燥水分边界微位移场变化量与含水率的关系可用该回归模型预测,物料含水率可用表达水分边界的微位移场参数来表示。该研究为果蔬冻干水分在线检测提供了一种新的方法,同时也为探索冻干机理和低能耗冻干工艺提供了参考。     

Influence of soil-drying under field conditions on exchangeable manganese,cobalt, and copper contents

Abstract

The changes in the exchangeable Mn (Ex-Mn), exchangeable Co (Ex-Co), and exchangeable Cu (Ex-Cu) contents by air-drying of soils were reported in our previous paper. The drying effect, however, was not analyzed in the field. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of soil-drying under field conditions on Ex-Mn, Ex-Co, and Ex-Cu levels. Two paddy soils (Tsukuba and Yawara) were collected at four different soil depths (0?1, 1?5, 5?10, and 10?20 cm) under three different soil moisture conditions i.e., after harvest, after successive sunny days and after rainy days. After sunny days, Ex-Mn and Ex-Co contents in the surface soil layer markedly increased and drastically decreased after rainfall, while they remained almost unchanged in the lower soil layers. Ex-Cu contents slightly increased in the surface soil layer after sunny days. A similar tendency was observed in soil column experiments. The contents of Ex-Mn, Ex-Co, and Ex-Cu increased 12, 12, and 2 times in the upper layer of soil columns that had been sampled from the Yawara field and stored in a dark room for 8 d. The increase of the Ex-Mn and Ex-Co contents in the upper layer could not be explained by the capillary rise of soil water from the lower layers of the columns. In a soil-drying experiment under laboratory conditions, Ex-Mn and Ex-Co contents began to increase when the water content of the Yawara soil was lower than 0.09?0.13 kg kg^?1. The water content of the surface soil of the Yawara field after sunny days was 0.08 kg kg^?1. Ex-Cu content did not change apprecially with the water content. It is concluded that the increase of the Ex-Mn and Ex-Co levels in field surface soils after sunny days can be ascribed to soil-drying. Some of the excess Ex-Mn and Ex-Co is expected to leach down into lower layers due to rain, which may contribute to plant uptake of Mn and Co.     

兰州百合真空干燥图形组态系统研制

为了实现各类生产数据的良性管理和干燥全过程的高效监控等质量保证措施,引入图形组态理念,从对干燥现场的分类抽象和对各类过程数据的动态重构入手,研制了基于Visual Graph图形开发工具和SQL 2005数据库的面向兰州百合真空干燥的图形组态系统,并应用于工程实践。同时探讨了图形组态系统网络化编辑和控制的实现策略。实际应用表明：兰州百合真空干燥图形组态系统能够增强多源异构数据的协调管理,实现干燥过程的高效监控,满足用户对操作界面直观简便的需求。     

预处理对微波联合气流膨化干燥黑毛豆仁品质的影响

通过对黑毛豆仁的水分含量、硬度、脆度、花色苷含量以及色泽等指标的测定,研究烫漂、冷冻、NaCl浸渍以及辐照4种不同的预处理方式对微波联合气流膨化干燥黑毛豆仁品质的影响。结果表明,适度的烫漂预处理可以钝化过氧化物酶,减少豆腥味的产生,降低膨化产品的水分含量,有利于保持产品色泽;冷冻预处理可使膨化产品的硬度降低,酥脆性提高...     

不同干燥方式对全蛋粉冲调性能的影响

为提高全蛋粉的品质和冲调性能,采用热风干燥,真空冷冻干燥、微波干燥、喷雾干燥和红外干燥对鲜蛋液进行干燥制粉,研究不同干燥方式对全蛋粉营养成分和润湿下沉性、水合能力、溶解指数、结块率及稳定系数等冲调性能关键评价指标的影响.结果表明:喷雾干燥全蛋粉的营养成分保留率最高,冲调性能最好,其中润湿下沉时间为198.24 s、水合...     

披碱草种子的气流冲击式转筒干燥试验

为研究气流冲击式转筒干燥结构参数（喷管直径、喷嘴高度与喷管倾角）与工艺参数（风温、风速与转筒转速）变化对牧草种子干燥速率与发芽率的影响,该文将气流冲击式转筒干燥技术应用于披碱草种子干燥,并通过Design-Expert 7.0软件对试验进行优化设计,建立了试验条件范围内平均干燥速率的预测模型。试验结果表明：气流冲击式转筒干燥技术可较好的应用于披碱草种子的干燥,干燥后的披碱草种子达到了国家一级种子标准;在试验条件范围内,风温、风速、风温和分支喷管倾角交互作用、风速和转筒转速交互作用对平均干燥速率的影响显著,影响大小依次为：风温＞风速＞风速和转筒转速交互作用＞风温和分支喷管倾角交互作用;各因素及其交互作用对发芽率的影响不显著。该研究为气流冲击式转筒干燥技术应用于种子的干燥提供了技术依据。     

Effect of air‐drying on phosphorus fractions in clay soil

Despite the publication of a number of papers dealing with the effect of drying on the soil labile P pool, less attention has been paid to the possible drying‐evoked changes in the more stable P pools. We applied Hedley's sequential fractionation procedure that aims at quantifying soil P reserves according to their decreasing plant availability to examine the effects of drying on soil P fractions in clayey soil samples of different cultivation history. To further investigate the contribution of organic matter disruption to the solubility of soil P, the P extracted in each fractionation step was divided into two size classes by filtering the suspension through a 0.2 μm membrane filter. There were no air‐drying‐induced changes in the total amount of P extracted in each fractionation step. However, air‐drying changed the distribution of water‐extractable P in size fractions; increase in the small‐sized P took place at the expense of large‐sized P. Air‐drying increased also small‐sized molybdate‐unreactive P (MUP) in the NaOH fraction giving evidence that drying‐induced alterations take place also in less labile P forms. The results revealed that air‐drying alters the extractability and distribution of P in various pools rather than the total amount of extracted P and that a large proportion of H₂O‐ and NaOH‐extractable large‐sized MUP may remain undetected if only filtered samples are analyzed.     

红外辐射技术在农副产品加工中的应用与进展

红外辐射加热干燥技术有众多的优点，近些年来在农副产品加工中的应用越来越多。为此。介绍了红外辐射的基本原理及特点；并通过大量的实例阐述了红外辐射在谷物、蔬菜、竹材加热干燥上的应用与研究进展，以及红外辐射技术在农副产品杀菌方面的应用。     

高压电场下不同位置处土豆片水分的变化规律

在20。~25℃,相对湿度40%±10%的室温环境下,对烫漂后的土豆试样进行了高压电场干燥实验。实验采用单针-盘(圆盘直径260mm)电极系统,交流电压V=(20±0.1)kV,电极间距离为60mm。同样的环境条件下也进行了土豆对比实验。结果表明:高压电场可使土豆的干燥速率明显加快,但由于针-盘电极形成电场不均匀性的影响,使电场中不同半径位置土豆试样的干燥速度不同,越靠近针电极正下方位置,土豆试样中水分干燥速度越快,而对比试样恰好相反,即越靠近中心位置水分干燥速度越慢。另外,针-盘电极电场存在有效的作用面积。     

切片多孔介质对流干燥传质模拟软件开发研究

根据非平衡态热力学和相平衡理论,建立了多孔介质对流干燥内部传质模型、传热模型,该模型充分考虑了传热与传质之间的相互藕合关系。用VB编程软件对该模型进行了分析求解,设计开发模拟软件。以切片土豆为例进行传质模拟计算,并与土豆片干燥实验数据进行对比,结果表明:模拟值和实测值十分接近,二者的最大相对偏差小于9.1%。模拟结果显示土豆对流干燥中内部水分由内往外迁移,以及干燥过程中产生的表低内高水分分布规律。