SUSTAINABLE NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT PACKAGE FOR COST-EFFECTIVE BIOENERGY BIOMASS PRODUCTION

Commercial fertilizer (particularly nitrogen) costs account for a substantial portion of the total production costs of cellulosic biomass and can be a major obstacle to biofuel production. In a series of greenhouse studies, we evaluated the feasibility of co-applying Gibberellins (GA) and reduced nitrogen (N) rates to produce a bioenergy crop less expensively. In a preliminary study, we determined the minimum combined application rates of GA and N required for efficient biomass (sweet sorghum, Sorghum bicolor) production. Co-application of 75 kg ha^?1 (one-half of the recommended N rate for sorghum) and a modest GA rate of 3 g ha^?1 optimized dry matter yield (DMY) and N and phosphorus (P) uptake efficiencies, resulting in a reduction of N and P leaching. Organic nutrient sources such as manures and biosolids can be substituted for commercial N fertilizers (and incidentally supply P) to further reduce the cost of nutrient supply for biomass production. Based on the results of the preliminary study, we conducted a second greenhouse study using sweet sorghum as a test bioenergy crop. We co-applied organic sources of N (manure and biosolids) at 75 and 150 kg PAN ha^?1 (representing 50 and 100% N rate respectively) with 3 g GA ha^?1. In each batch of experiment, the crop was grown for 8 wk on Immokalee fine sand of minimal native fertility. After harvest, sufficient water was applied to soil in each pot to yield ～1.5 L (～0.75 pore volume) of leachate, and analyzed for total N and soluble reactive P (SRP). The reduced (50%) N application rate, together with GA, optimized biomass production. Application of GA at 3 g ha^?1, and the organic sources of N at 50% of the recommended N rate, decreased nutrient cost of producing the bioenergy biomass by ～$375 ha^?1 (>90% of total nutrient cost), and could reduce offsite N and P losses from vulnerable soils.     

不同灌溉施肥模式下土壤湿胀干缩特征曲线及其滞后效应

采用淹灌、间歇灌2种灌溉模式与不施氮肥、含氮复合肥、缓控释氮肥、有机无机氮肥4种施肥模式配成8个处理开展水稻种植田间试验,研究了不同灌溉施肥模式下土壤湿胀干缩特征曲线及其滞后效应。结果表明:指数模型能较好地描述不同灌溉施肥模式下的土壤收缩过程与土壤膨胀过程;各模式下土壤干缩特征曲线与湿胀特征曲线指数模型中的a值(干土的比容积,即干土体积质量的倒数)和b值(单位含水量变化时土壤比容积变化的自然对数单位值)存在差异;土壤干缩曲线与湿胀曲线不完全重合,二者的b值及其差异也不同,存在滞后现象;土壤湿胀干缩效应受多种土壤性质的影响,其中主要通过土壤孔隙结构与持水性质的影响体现。     

Influence of total soluble salt concentration on growth and elemental concentration of winged bean seedlings,Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.

Abstract

Winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) (L.) DC) seedlings of the accession TPT‐1, were grown in a greenhouse with graded, balanced total soluble salt (TSS) concentrations. After 4.5 days, plant height increased quadratically, with a maximum (149 cm) at 3000 ppm TSS. Seedlings were shortest at 1000 and 10,000 ppm TSS, 44.0 and 79.0 cm, respectively. Fresh weight of shoots increased quadratically with greatest weight, 29.03 g, at 5000 ppm TSS. Percent dry matter increased linearly with increasing TSS. Concentration of N, K and P increased quadratically with an increase in the TSS concentration in the growth medium. Concentration of Ca decreased quadratically with increasing TSS. Among the micronutrients, Fe and Mo concentration was quadratic, both elements were highest in the seedlings at 1000 and 10,000 ppm TSS rates. Concentrations of Mn and Zn increased linearly with increasing TSS. Winged bean seedlings at the 1000 to 3000 ppm TSS rates had spindly stems and a sparse, yellow foliage, typical for winged bean seedlings observed in the field during the first 4 to 5 weeks of growth. Seedlings at the 4000 and 5000 ppm TSS rates had sturdy stems and an abundant green foliage. At higher TSS concentrations, 5000 to 10,000 ppm TSS, seedlings had short intermodes and dark green foliage.     

Effect of nitrogen application during ripening period on photosynthesis and dry matter production and its impact on yield and yield components of semidwarf iniica rice varieties under water culture conditions

Abstract

A water culture pot experiment was conducted to analyze the effects of N application during the ripening period (RP) on photosynthesis, dry matter production, and its impact on grain ripening and yield in two semidwarf indica type varieties viz. Gui Zhao 2 (GZ) and BR3 (BR) compared with a japonica type variety Koganemasari (KO) under four N rates viz. 0 (N₀), 10 (N₁₀), 20 (N₂₀), and 40 (N₄₀) mg L^?1. Results showed that N application enabled to maintain a higher leaf area and delay leaf senescence in both indica and japonica type varieties but the decrease in the rate, of leaf area was higher in the former than in the latter and the rate was reduced with increasing N rates. Flag leaf photosynthesis and SPAD values of N treated plants were higher throughout the RP, showing the presence of a significant correlation either for each variety or all the varieties together. Higher photosynthetic rate was supported by higher leaf chlorophyll (SPAD value basis) content, stomatai conductance, and N concentration in leaf blades. Top dry matter content increased with increasing N rates mainly due to mean leaf area rather than NAR except for BR during RP but it was higher in KO than in GZ and BR. Reduction of shoot weight due to translocation of dry matter to panicles during RP was suppressed by N rates both in GZ and BR while shoot weight increased in the N-treated plants in KO. The dependency of KO on current photosynthates for panicle weight was found to be almost hundred percent while the contribution of stored carbohydrates in shoot before heading to panicle weight in GZ and BR was in the range of 4-27 and 33-54%, respectively and the rest was contributed by current photosynthates. The percentage increased with increasing N rates. Percentage of ripened grains (PRG) increased with increasing N rates in GZ and BR due to the increase in dry matter production and in the photosynthetic rates of apex leaves, despite the larger spikelet number and larger hull size. However, KO showed almost no variation although it had the highest PRG among the varieties. Brown rice yield followed the same pattern as that of PRG in GZ and BR and the highest yield was produced by BR followed by GZ and KO. These results suggest that N application during RP was more effective in increasing yield in the semidwarf indica type varieties than in the japonica type variety.     

模拟增温对半干旱雨养区春小麦物质生产与分配的影响

为了明确未来气候变化对半干旱区春小麦生产的影响,了解增温条件下春小麦不同生长阶段物质生产的响应特点以及光合产物在不同器官中的分配特征,利用开放式红外增温系统设置不同的温度梯度,即不增温（对照）、增温1和2℃,模拟田间增温对春小麦物质生产与分配的影响。结果表明：温度增加,春小麦发育加快,全生育期明显缩短,增温1和2℃,比对照分别缩短7和11 d;从各器官干物质生产来看,相对于对照,在增温1、2℃处理下,叶干物质质量在三叶期分别增加了11.23%和27.49%,在拔节期及其以后分别平均降低了20.12%和30.83%。茎干物质质量在拔节期及其以前分别平均增加了17.30%和30.30%,拔节期以后分别平均降低了13.19%和22.09%。根干物质质量在孕穗期及其以前分别平均增加了10.26%和23.30%,孕穗期以后分别平均降低了15.79%和26.05%。穗干物质质量分别平均降低16.43%和29.00%;增温处理下春小麦物质生产随时间的响应规律主要是由净同化率的变化所致;从各器官干物质分配来看,与对照相比,增温1、2℃处理下,春小麦叶和穗干物质质量占全株干物质质量的比例在整个生育期分别平均下降了8.32%、12.01%和0.56%、3.40%,且增温幅度越大,下降的越多。增温1、2℃处理下,茎和根干物质质量占全株干物质质量的比例在整个生育期分别平均增加了3.92%、6.25%和3.86%、8.71%,且增温幅度越大,增加的越多。结果为中国半干旱区春小麦对全球气候变化下的敏感性及适应性研究提供理论参考。     

基于黄金分割法的双季稻合理密植研究

为了验证水稻合理密植的黄金分割法在长江中下游双季稻区和华南双季稻区的适用性,在湖南长沙和广东怀集以生产上大面积种植且具有代表性的双季稻品种为材料,运用黄金分割法分割秆高(50、65、80、95、110 cm)得到5种预设黄金密度(67.9、40.1、26.5、18.8、14.0穴·m-2),研究不同密度下株高和秆高的变化,实际黄金密度下齐穗期部分冠层特性、干物质积累、产量及其构成。结果表明,在不同密度下,长沙水稻的株高和秆高,怀集早稻玉香油占的秆高及晚稻Y两优1号的株高和秆高变化不显著,而早稻Y两优1号株高和秆高变化显著,其余品种无一致的规律。在实际黄金密度下,长沙各品种有效和高效叶面积指数及其冠层光辐射截获率最高,或者低于最高密度处理,但冠层光辐射截获率与最高密度处理无显著差异;长沙和怀集各品种齐穗期和成熟期的干物质积累及其产量在实际黄金密度下最高,或者低于最高值,但产量与最高值差异不显著。长沙双季稻和怀集晚稻的矮秆品种(49.4~74.5 cm),其产量的主要贡献来源于有效穗数,而怀集早稻的高秆品种(80.4~84.6 cm),其产量的主要贡献来源于有效穗数和每穗粒数。本研究结果为合理、简便、精确确定水稻适宜的种植密度(即合理密植)提供了理论和实践依据。     

两个氮素利用率不同的水稻品种根系形态及生理特性的差异

The variation in nitrogen (N) uptake by rice has been widely studied but differences in rice root morphology that may contribute to this variation are not completely understood. Field and greenhouse experiments were carried out to study N accumulation, root dry weights, total root lengths, root surface areas, and root bleeding rates of two rice cultivars, Elio with low N-use efficiency and Nanguang with high N-use efficiency. Low (1 mmol N L^-1) and high (5 mmol N L^-1) N applications were established in the greenhouse experiment, and the N rates were 0, 120, and 240 kg ha^-1 in the field experiments at Jiangning and Jiangpu farms, Nanjing, China. The results showed that the N accumulation, root dry weight, total root length, and root surface area increased with an increase in N application. At the heading stage, N accumulation in the shoots and roots of Nanguang was greater than that of Elio in the field experiments and that of Elio at 5 mmol N L^-1 in the greenhouse experiment. After the heading stage, N accumulation was higher for Nanguang at both 1 and 5 mmol N L^-1 in the greenhouse experiment. The total root length and root surface area were significantly different between the two cultivars. Over the range of the fertilizer application rates, the root lengths of Nanguang at Jiangning Farm were 49%-61% greater at booting and 26%-39% greater at heading than those of Elio, and at Jiangpu Farm they were 22%-42% and 26%-38% greater, respectively. Nanguang had a greater root bleeding rate than Elio. It was concluded that the N-use efficiency of the two rice cultivars studied depended to a great extent on the root morphological parameters and root physiological characteristics at different growth stages.     

氮肥运筹、配施有机肥和坐水种对春玉米产量与养分吸收转运的影响

采用田间试验方法,研究了氮肥运筹、配施有机肥和坐水种对春玉米产量与养分吸收转运的影响。结果表明,适宜氮肥运筹方式、配施有机肥和坐水种均能显著增加春玉米产量,氮肥两次追肥处理的产量较一次追肥处理的产量增加10.6%～17.0%,配施有机肥增产10.3%～18.0%,坐水种增产9.1%,配施有机肥并坐水种增产20.4%。氮肥两次追施、配施有机肥及配施有机肥并坐水种均能显著提高春玉米干物质最大积累速率和积累总量,分别提高干物质最大积累速率11.1%～29.5%、28.0%～28.8%和32.1%,依次提高干物质积累总量11.9%～15.5%、21.2%～24.4%和26.9%。氮肥两次追施、配施有机肥和坐水种均可提高N、P、K养分最大吸收速率和吸收总量,养分最大吸收速率以K最高,N居中,P最低;养分吸收总量以N最高,K居中,P最低;养分最大吸收速率出现的时间以K最早（57.2～60.4 d）,N居中（65.3～68.5 d）,P最晚（71.4～74.8 d）,三者均早于干物质积累最大速率出现的时间（82.5～89.3 d）。氮肥两次追施、配施有机肥和坐水种均有利于N、P、K养分由营养体向籽粒的转运量、转运效率、籽粒中养分含量以及氮肥利用率的提高,养分转运效率以P最高（59.3%～66.1%）,其次是N（41.5%～55.1%）,K最低（35.9%～38.0%）。在本实验条件下,施氮量为225 kg/hm2,基肥:拔节肥比1:3,配施有机肥结合坐水种,为最佳施肥处理。     

低分子有机酸对土壤中重金属的解吸及影响因素

研究了柠檬酸、草酸、酒石酸和苹果酸对矿区土壤中重金属Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn的解吸行为,并探讨了介质pH值对其解吸土中重金属的影响。振荡解吸试验结果表明四种低分子有机酸对供试污染土壤中Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn都具有一定的解吸能力。由于土壤中重金属有效态含量较低,各重金属的解吸率都不高。在对Pb和Cd的解吸中,各低分子有机酸能力大小顺序为柠檬酸>酒石酸≈苹果酸>草酸;Cu的解吸顺序为柠檬酸>草酸>酒石酸≈苹果酸;Zn的解吸顺序为酒石酸>柠檬酸≈苹果酸>草酸。低分子有机酸随浓度的增加,其解吸能力提高。低分子有机酸对重金属的解吸量随pH值的降低而增加。     

土培条件下外源硒对黄芪吸收和转运硒的影响

以黄芪(Astragalus membranaceus)和2种价态的硒为主要研究对象,采用土壤盆栽试验方法探讨了添加不同浓度(0,2,4,6,8mg/kg土)硒酸钠(SeVI)和亚硒酸钠(SeIV)对黄芪地上部和根系硒累积与分配的影响。结果表明:土壤中添加硒浓度为2~6mg/kg的亚硒酸钠有利于黄芪地上部和根部干物质的累积,比CK增加34.55%~38.24%,但是添加硒浓度超过2mg/kg的硒酸钠抑制了黄芪植株的生长;添加不同浓度的2种形态硒均可显著提高黄芪地上部和根部硒浓度,且土壤中添加硒酸钠和亚硒酸钠的硒浓度分别与黄芪植株硒含量呈极显著正相关关系(SeVI:r=0.884**,SeIV:r=0.973**);随着硒处理浓度的升高,添加硒酸钠和亚硒酸钠处理的黄芪根系对硒吸收能力高于对照,转移系数和富集系数均大于1,且硒含量地上部根部,这表明土壤中添加外源硒可以提高黄芪对硒的吸收和转运能力。综上所述,在中性偏碱性土壤上施用硒酸钠和亚硒酸钠均可促进黄芪对外源硒的吸收、转运和累积,且土壤施用2~6mg/kg的亚硒酸钠对黄芪的生长和硒的累积效果更好。