Effects of variety, cropping year, location and fertilizer application on nutritive value of durum wheat straw

This study was carried out to assess the effects of variety, year, location and level of fertilizer application on chemical composition and in sacco dry matter (DM) degradability of durum wheat straw as well as to understand the relationship between straw quality and agronomic traits of the crop and to assess the possibilities of selecting wheat varieties that combine high grain yield with desirable straw quality. Two local (Arendeto and Tikur sinde) and two improved (Boohai and Gerardo) varieties of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum Desf.) were used in the experiment. The four varieties were grown at two locations (Akaki and Ejere) in the years 2001/2002 and 2002/2003 in 5 x 5 m plots in three replications. Diammonium phosphate and urea fertilizers were applied at four levels (0/0, 32/23, 41/23 and 64/46 kg/ha of nitrogen/phosphorus). Straw quality was assessed based on chemical composition and in sacco DM degradability. Correlation of straw quality with grain and straw yield and with other agronomic characteristics of the crop was determined. The potential utility index (a measure that integrates grain and digestible straw yield) was used for ranking of the varieties. The local varieties had higher crude protein (CP) and lower neutral detergent fibre contents and higher digestibility than the improved varieties. The cropping year and location had significant effect on CP content and degradability of the straw, which could be due to climatic variation. However, the fertilizer level did not have any significant effect on straw quality except that the CP content of the straw tended to increase with increasing level of fertilizer application. Based on the potential utility index the varieties ranked, in a decreasing order, as Tikur sinde > Arendeto > Gerardo > Boohai and the ranking was consistent across years and locations. Except the CP content, straw quality was not negatively correlated with grain and straw yield. This indicates that there is a possibility of selecting varieties of wheat that combine high grain and straw yield with desirable straw quality.     

仿生法评定抗草甘膦玉米和转Bt基因玉米的酶水解物能值的研究

本试验旨在分析抗草甘膦玉米和转Bt基因玉米原料及饲粮与同源非转基因玉米原料及饲粮体外总能消化率以及酶水解物能值,为转基因玉米的营养实质等同性仿生评定方法的研究提供参考。试验采用单因素完全随机设计,使用单胃动物仿生消化系统模拟饲料原料和饲粮在鸡胃肠道的消化过程,分析同源非转基因玉米、抗草甘膦玉米和转Bt基因玉米以及对应的3种玉米-豆粕饲粮在不同体外模拟消化阶段的干物质消化率、总能消化率和酶水解物能值的差异。结果表明:同源非转基因玉米、抗草甘膦玉米和转Bt基因玉米以及对应饲粮在常规概率成分含量上是相似的。抗草甘膦玉米及饲粮与同源非转基因玉米及饲粮相比,在干物质和能量胃消化率、全消化道消化率及酶水解物能值上均没有显著差异(P0.05)。转Bt基因玉米全消化道总能消化率低于同源非转基因玉米(P=0.03,变异系数=0.50%),对应玉米饲粮的酶水解物能值则高于同源非转基因玉米饲粮(P=0.02,变异系数=1.12%),但均处于仿生消化系统测试的误差范围内(变异系数≤1.64%)。由此可见,抗草甘膦玉米的酶水解物能值与同源对照玉米没有差异,而转Bt基因玉米存在统计学意义上的差异,但所有的测值均处于仿生消化系统的测试误差之内。仿生法发现的差异是否具有生物学意义有待体内试验验证。仿生法可为转基因饲料营养等同性研究提供一种新方法。     

退化草原围栏封育后地上生物量干鲜比值的研究

对处于退化恢复演替过程中的羊草草原群落,通过样方法获得其地上部分干、鲜生物量,研究羊草草原的围封动态并对围栏封育效果进行评价.结果表明,羊草群落干鲜比值呈现在波动中略有上升的趋势,波动主要有两个原因:一是降水量的变化;二是演替不同阶段物种组成的差异.各主要科的干鲜比值以禾本科最高,其次为菊科和豆科,各主要科干鲜比值的排序可以解释群落干鲜比值的变化趋势.各物种干鲜比值的变幅较大(锦鸡儿最高,瓦松最低,变幅为0.45),但起主要作用的是羊草、冰草和冷蒿.计算物种的相对干重可以确定草原恢复过程中的最佳放牧时期.     

Effect of enzymatic and technological treatments on solubilisation of arabinoxylans from brewer's spent grain

Brewer's spent grain (BSG), the most abundant brewing by-product, has hidden and underexploited nutritional potential. In order to valorize BSG, the effects of three commercial xylanases and a peptidase on water unextractable arabinoxylans (WUAX) were studied. Comparing all treatments, higher addition of xylanase resulted in an increase in water extractable arabinoxylans (WEAX). In the most efficient treatment, xylanase alone was able to solubilise 23.7% of WUAX, while the peptidase showed no effect. However, when added together with xylanase, peptidase increased the solubilisation of WUAX up to 1.6 folds. A positive correlation between particle size reduction and solubilisation of WUAX was also proved through milling BSG. These results suggest that access to xylan backbone increases with proteolytic activities, proving a synergistic effect of these specific enzymes. Therefore, if properly treated before being added as ingredient, BSG could add health functionalities to foodstuff while reducing the environmental impact of brewing industries.     

不同群体条件下奶花芸豆的生长及产量研究

研究了奶花芸豆4种不同群体条件下,叶绿素含量、叶面积指数、单位面积干物质积累及产量的变化规律.研究结果表明:随着密度增大,单位叶面积叶绿素含量降低;叶面积指数增大,但密度过大则叶面积指数高值期持续时间较短;干物质积累量和产量在一定密度范围内随密度的增加而增加,但密度过大,干物质积累量和产量反而下降.     

甘薯干物质分配及产量形成模拟研究

本研究根据甘薯器官生长与温度和辐射的关系,建立了基于累积辅热积的甘薯干物质分配及产量形成的模拟模型,并利用试验资料对模型进行了检验。研究结果表明,模型对地上部分干重、地下部分干重和块根干重的模拟结果与实测值均符合较好,模拟结果与实测值之间的拟合度值分别为0.97、0.96、0.95（均为0.01水平显著相关）,预测相对误差分别为1.23%、1.89%、2.45%。模拟系统是采用C++ Builder6.0为编程语言,在Pentium(R) 4 CPU、512MB内存计算机、中文Windows XP操作平台上开发的可执行模型系统。与已有的大田作物生长模型相比,本研究建立的模型不仅预测精度较高和功能全面,而且模型参数易获取,具有较强实用性。模型能够预测甘薯干物质分配及产量指标,从而为甘薯生产管理和环境调控的优化提供决策支持。     

甘蓝型与白菜型冬油菜杂交F1代植物学性状及自交亲和性分析

通过甘蓝型冬油菜与北方白菜型冬油菜及其正反交杂种F₁植物学形态,生长习性,自交亲和性的比较,分析杂种抗寒性,植物学形态,生长习性,自交亲和性的变化.选择白菜型冬油菜陇油9号与甘蓝型冬油菜Vision组配的(陇油9号×Vision),(Vision×陇油9号)甘白杂交正反交组合,通过亲本与杂种形态比较,越冬率统计,套袋自交以及花粉-柱头互作等,对杂种抗寒性,植物学形态,生长习性,自交亲和性作出评价.陇油9号与Vision杂交,杂种F₁植物学形态,干物质积累特性为中间型,生长习性和生长点下凹程度均偏白菜型.F₁正,反交越冬率分别为68.75%和65.00%,根长为14.83和14.30 cm,根颈直径为6.08 和5.67 mm.自交亲和性为:Vision>F₁ (Vision×陇油9号)>F₁ (陇油9号×Vision)>陇油9号,其相应的自交亲和指数为20.83,1.09,1.06,0.87;杂种及其亲本的自交亲和性的大小与其花粉在柱头上的萌发数量与萌发速度相一致.陇油9号与Vision杂交,杂种F₁抗寒性强于甘蓝型冬油菜,但较白菜型冬油菜弱.同时,白菜型冬油菜与甘蓝型冬油菜杂交,杂种F₁代自交亲和,但杂种的自交亲和程度远远低于甘蓝型冬油菜,而且F₁杂种的自交亲和性因杂交组合方式而有差异.     

渗透调节在碱茅（Puccinellia tenuiflora）幼苗适应盐逆境中的作用初探

采用室内培养法,观察测定了盐胁迫对碱茅幼苗生长的影响;发现碱茅,特别是其地上部对K~+有较强的吸收、富集和选择能力。这是其耐盐性强的重要生理基础之一;高浓度NaCl胁迫下,Na~+在碱茅体内的大量积累是其受害的主要原因;测定了盐逆境下植株各部分中小分子有机物(游离氨基酸,包括游离脯氨酸以及还原糖和非还原糖)的积累情况,并初步查明了其积累的机制,分析了小分子有机物在渗透调节中的重要作用。为碱茅的合理栽培提供了理论依据。     

干法生产UHT豆奶工艺技术研究及应用

以优质大豆为主要原料，经干法生产（大豆筛选、脱皮、高温灭酶、粗磨、超细研磨、浆渣分离）制得豆奶；根据QB／T2132产品分类要求（纯豆乳、调制豆乳、豆乳饮料），研究配方组成（大豆用量、加油量、乳化剂添加量）；采用UHT灭菌、复合塑料膜无菌灌装，常温下保质期达到30～90天.     

中西比较视域下的鲁迅死亡意识

鲁迅的死亡意识既不同于西方现代的死亡意识，又迥异于传统文化中的死亡意识，具有强烈的现代个性色彩。他将死亡与新生、自我与历史、民族、传统紧密地统一在一个充满悖论的个体之内，并且上升到生存本体意义，因而具有宽广的视野和深邃的内蕴。