Mild Drought Stress‐Induced Changes in Yield,Physiological Processes and Chemical Composition in Festuca,Lolium and Festulolium

The impact of mild drought stress (3 weeks at 40 % field water capacity) on yield, physiological processes, accumulation of proline and phenolic compounds and forage quality parameters in forage grasses was evaluated in pot experiments. During four different growing periods, the effects of water deficit were assessed in nine varieties from five species (Lolium perenne, Lolium multiflorum, Festuca pratensis, Festuca arundinacea and Festulolium braunii). All measured parameters were affected by drought stress in the different cuts. Photosynthesis, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and dry matter yield were significantly lower in drought stress than under well‐watered conditions in all varieties. Higher water‐use efficiency was only observed during the first and fourth drought period, while this was not the case in the second and third. Mild drought stress significantly increased the content of proline, phenolic acid, flavonoids, water‐soluble carbohydrates and protein. All tested grasses showed also an increase of organic matter digestibility and cell wall digestibility under drought stress conditions.     

Drought Stress in Grain Legumes during Reproduction and Grain Filling

Water scarcity is a major constraint limiting grain legume production particularly in the arid and semi‐arid tropics. Different climate models have predicted changes in rainfall distribution and frequent drought spells for the future. Although drought impedes the productivity of grain legumes at all growth stages, its occurrence during reproductive and grain development stages (terminal drought) is more critical and usually results in significant loss in grain yield. However, the extent of yield loss depends on the duration and intensity of the stress. A reduction in the rate of net photosynthesis, and poor grain set and grain development are the principal reasons for terminal drought‐induced loss in grain yield. Insight into the impact and resistance mechanism of terminal drought is required for effective crop improvement programmes aiming to improve resistance to terminal drought in grain legumes. In this article, the impact of terminal drought on leaf development and senescence, light harvesting and carbon fixation, and grain development and grain composition is discussed. The mechanisms of resistance, management options, and innovative breeding and functional genomics strategies to improve resistance to terminal drought in grain legumes are also discussed.     

Estimation of phenotypic variability in symbiotic nitrogen fixation ability of common bean under drought stress using 15N natural abundance in grain

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the most important food legume, cultivated by small farmers and is usually exposed to unfavorable conditions with minimum use of inputs. Drought and low soil fertility, especially phosphorus and nitrogen (N) deficiencies, are major limitations to bean yield in smallholder systems. Beans can derive part of their required N from the atmosphere through symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF). Drought stress severely limits SNF ability of plants. The main objectives of this study were to: (i) test and validate the use of ¹⁵N natural abundance in grain to quantify phenotypic differences in SNF ability for its implementation in breeding programs of common bean with bush growth habit aiming to improve SNF, and (ii) quantify phenotypic differences in SNF under drought to identify superior genotypes that could serve as parents. Field studies were conducted at CIAT-Palmira, Colombia using a set of 36 bean genotypes belonging to the Middle American gene pool for evaluation in two seasons with two levels of water supply (irrigated and drought stress). We used ¹⁵N natural abundance method to compare SNF ability estimated from shoot tissue sampled at mid-pod filling growth stage vs. grain tissue sampled at harvest. Our results showed positive and significant correlation between nitrogen derived from the atmosphere (%Ndfa) estimated using shoot tissue at mid-pod filling and %Ndfa estimated using grain tissue at harvest. Both methods showed phenotypic variability in SNF ability under both drought and irrigated conditions and a significant reduction in SNF ability was observed under drought stress. We suggest that the method of estimating Ndfa using grain tissue (Ndfa-G) could be applied in bean breeding programs to improve SNF ability. Using this method of Ndfa-G, we identified four bean lines (RCB 593, SEA 15, NCB 226 and BFS 29) that combine greater SNF ability with greater grain yield under drought stress and these could serve as potential parents to further improve SNF ability of common bean.     

Effect of water deficiency on relationships between metabolism,physiology,biomass,and yield of upland cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Drought is a common abiotic stress that considerably limits crop production. The objective of this study is to explore the influence of water deficiency on the yield, physiologic and metabolomic attributes in upland cotton cultivars(Gossypium hirsutum L). Cotton cultivars, 'Ishonch' and 'Tashkent-6' were selected to study the relationships among their physiologic, metabolomic and yield attributes during water deficiency. Deficit irrigation was designed by modifying the traditional watering protocol to reduce water use. Results indicate that cotton cultivars respond differently to water deficit stress. Water deficit significantly influenced plant height, the number of internodes, and sympodial branches in both cultivars. However, yield components such as the number of bolls, boll seed, lint mass, and individual plant yield were significantly reduced only in 'Tashkent-6'. The leaf area decreased and the specific leaf weight increased in 'Ishonch' under deficit irrigation conditions. However, 'Tashkent-6' demonstrated significant water loss compared to 'Ishonch', and both cultivars showed reduced transpiration rates. Untargeted metabolite profiles of leaves showed clear separation in 'Ishonch', but not in 'Tashkent-6' under deficit irrigation compared to full irrigation. The individual metabolites such as proline and galactinol showed strong association with yield under water deficit stress. Moreover, this study indicates that leaf area and transpiration intensity influence yield during water deficiency. In summary, the correlation among morpho-physiologic, metabolic, and yield components significantly varied between the two cultivars under water deficiency. The flowering stage was sensitive to water stress for both cultivars. The direct relationship between physiology, metabolism, and yield may be a useful selection criterion for determining candidate parents for cotton drought tolerance breeding.     

不同水分环境下玉米叶面积QTL定位及候选基因分析

玉米叶面积的大小及分布特征不仅影响其光合效率、蒸腾速率,而且与其耐旱性、耐密性、抗倒伏性及产量形成紧密相关。深入剖析不同水旱环境下玉米不同生育时期不同叶位叶面积的分子遗传机理对玉米耐旱高产新品种的选育具有重要意义。本研究以构建的2套F_2∶3群体为试材,在8种水分环境下,采用复合区间作图法（CIM）和基于混合线性模型的复合区间作图法（MCIM）对玉米相应叶（V₁₈时期第10片叶、R₁时期穗三叶）叶面积进行单环境和多环境联合QTL分析;参考玉米基因组B73 RefGen_v3挖掘稳定表达的QTLs （sQTLs）区间内的候选基因,并对其进行功能分析。结果表明,采用CIM法,单环境下2个生育时期2套F_2∶3群体间总共定位到了7个玉米相应叶叶面积QTLs,主要受显性（81.0%）、部分显性（14.3%）和超显性（4.7%）等遗传效应的调控,其中在干旱环境下定位到了5个QTLs。采用MCIM法,在2套F_2∶3群体间总共检测到6个相应叶叶面积的联合QTLs,其中1个表现为显著的QTL与环境的互作（QTL×E, Bin 2.08~2.09）,1对QTLs （Bin 1.08~1.10与 Bin 2.08~2.09）参与了显著的加性与加性（AA）上位性互作。结合CIM和MCIM法进一步分析在2套F_2∶3群体间检测到了6个sQTLs,其分别位于Bin 1.08~1.10、Bin 2.08~2.09、Bin 4.08~4.09、Bin 6.05、Bin 8.03和Bin 10.03处,并在这些sQTLs区间内确定了12个玉米叶发育相关候选基因。采用生物信息学,总共收集了75个玉米叶发育相关候选基因,通过系统进化树分析表明,这些候选基因划分为3大进化分支,且上述检测到的12个候选基因分布于这3大进化分支上。这些结果为系统地解析玉米不同生育时期不同水旱环境下相应叶叶面积的分子遗传机理提供理论依据,检测到的sQTLs可作为叶面积改良的重要染色体区段,检测到的候选基因为其进一步克隆、功能分析及育种应用提供了信息参考。     

抗旱、耐盐碱、矮秆陆地棉数量性状的遗传相关及主成份分析

对从国内外引进的抗旱、耐盐碱、矮杆棉花资源材料 ,经抗旱、耐盐碱、矮杆性鉴定和比较 ,选取了其中表现较好的 1 9份材料 ,进行了遗传相关和主成份分析 ,结果表明 :在 5 0 mmol· L- 1Na Cland1 0 0 mmol· L- 1Na Cl胁迫下的出苗率间呈正相关 ,抗盐性与产量间呈负相关 ;第一棉铃高度与纤维品质性状呈正相关。抗旱、耐盐碱、矮杆棉花材料的前 6个因子贡献率达 86.5 % ,其分别为第一棉铃高度因子、果枝数因子、单株结铃数因子、矮杆因子、单铃重因子等     

宁夏黄灌区退水过程中氮污染特征模拟

宁夏黄灌区是我国商品粮生产基地之一,农业高强度和化肥高投入对灌区水环境和黄河水安全造成了严重威胁。农田退水中氮素迁移流失的网室土柱模拟实验表明:1每次施肥1~2d后(穗肥是1周后),田面水中全氮量均出现峰值,不断下降后逐渐趋于稳定,全氮量随时间的变化符合对数衰减规律;23次施肥后,种植水稻的土柱各土层渗漏水中的全氮量高于未种植水稻的土柱,水稻根系的发育,一定程度上促进了氮素向下迁移,加剧了氮素流失的风险,水稻收获前控制氮的渗漏损失尤为重要。     

不同基因型大麦苗期对干旱胁迫的响应及HvPIPs基因表达特征分析

为研究不同基因型大麦苗期对干旱胁迫的响应,挖掘优质抗旱的大麦种质资源,以4份不同基因型大麦(2个高抗品种ZDM5430和ZDM5458,2个干旱敏感型品种7DCADA和IL-12)为材料,利用聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱条件,综合分析不同品种大麦的苗期抗旱性差异;并通过对不同品种根系进行PIPs实时定量分析,研究水通道蛋白AQPs基因与干旱胁迫之间的应答关系。结果表明,持续干旱胁迫会使大麦生长变缓,各处理苗长、根长、叶含水量和根含水量都呈下降趋势,其中,4个品种的大麦叶含水量在干旱胁迫14 d时下降最为显著,与对照相比,其降幅分别为29.14%、52.64%、21.67%和72.15%。干旱胁迫对大麦苗期干物质积累量和根冠比的影响较小,各处理间差异不显著;但持续干旱后,抗旱品种ZDM5430的根冠比呈上升趋势,在胁迫7、14、21 d时较CK分别增加了4.92%、42.86%和21.05%。随着胁迫时间的延长,大麦旗叶叶绿素含量和根系活力也呈下降趋势,其中ZDM5430和ZDM5458较对照组降幅较小,说明抗旱品种的形态指标、叶绿素含量及根系活力受干旱胁迫的影响较小。通过PIP...     

Research on a Novel Inverter of VSC

In order to improve waveform performance of light HVDC system, a lot of switches which operate in high frequency are used, which causes large switching losses and results high cost. A new Buck type voltage source converter(BVSC) is proposed. The new BVSC comprises a dual-buck converter and a three-phase inverter operating in grid frequency. Only two high frequency switches are used, which results good output waveform performance. In order to reduce the high frequency switching losses, a novel improved double-frequency Buck type voltage source converter(DBVSC) is also proposed. An additional dual-Buck converter is added to the BVSC, the added dual-Buck converter deals with the fundamental power that operates in low frequency, and BVSC only deals with harmonic power that operates in high frequency. The output waveform is enhanced and the switching losses are reduced in DBVSC, and the power rating is also increased. The DBVSC is very suitable for large power rating application. The one cycle control theory is adopted to control the proposed DBVSC with analog circuit, which is very simple. The proposed DBVSC and control method are verified by simulation.     

A Thermodynamic Criteria for Evaluation of Heat Exchanger Performance

The concept of loss rate of available energy was introduced for evaluating heat exchanger performance. At the same time, the general expression of loss rate of available energy was obtained for heat exchangers of several typical. And NL criteria was recommended for evaluation of the loss rate of available energy of heat exchanger. Then. the influences of inlet temperatures ratio, heat capacity ratio of fluids, the number of heat transfer units and flow patterns of heat exchanger on ,VL criteria were also discussed.