Modelling Wheat Stomatal Resistance in Hourly Time Steps from Micrometeorological Variables and Soil Water Status

An accurate estimation of stomatal resistance (r_S) also under drought stress conditions is of pivotal importance for any process‐based prediction of transpiration and the energy budget of real crop canopies and quantification of drought stress. A new model for r_S was developed and parameterized for winter wheat using data from field experiments accounting for the influences of net radiation (R_Net), air temperature (T_Air) and vapour pressure deficit of the atmosphere (VPD) interacting with an average water potential in the rooted soil (ψ_RootedSoil). r_S is simulated with a limiting factor approach as maximum of the metabolic (related to photosynthesis) and hydraulic (related to drought stress) acting influences assuming that, if drought stress occurs, it will dominate stomatal control: r_S = max(r_S(T_Air), r_S(R_Net), r_S(VPD, ψ_RootedSoil)). This transitional approach is suited to reproduce measured daily time courses of r_S with a varying accuracy for the single measurement dates but performed satisfactorily for the whole data set (r² = 0.63, RMSE = 59 s m^?1, EF = 0.60). This new semi‐empiric approach calculates r_S directly from external environmental conditions. Therefore, it can be easily implemented in existing model frameworks as link between operational crop growth models that use the concept of radiation use efficiency instead of mechanistic photosynthesis modelling and soil–vegetation–atmosphere transport models.     

Drought Tolerance and Water Use of Cereal Crops: A Focus on Sorghum as a Food Security Crop in Sub‐Saharan Africa

Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) faces twin challenges of water stress and food insecurity – challenges that are already pressing and are projected to grow. Sub‐Saharan Africa comprises 43 % arid and semi‐arid area, which is projected to increase due to climate change. Small‐scale, rainfed agriculture is the main livelihood source in arid and semi‐arid areas of SSA. Because rainfed agriculture constitutes more than 95 % of agricultural land use, water scarcity is a major limitation to production. Crop production, specifically staple cereal crop production, will have to adapt to water scarcity and improved water productivity (output per water input) to meet food requirements. We propose inclusion and promotion of drought‐tolerant cereal crops in arid and semi‐arid agro‐ecological zones of SSA where water scarcity is a major limitation to cereal production. Sorghum uniquely fits production in such regions, due to high and stable water‐use efficiency, drought and heat tolerance, high germplasm variability, comparative nutritional value and existing food value chain in SSA. However, sorghum is socio‐economically and geographically underutilized in parts of SSA. Sorghum inclusion and/or promotion in arid and semi‐arid areas of SSA, especially among subsistence farmers, will improve water productivity and food security.     

Improved Cold and Drought Tolerance of Doubled Haploid Maize Plants Selected for Resistance to Prooxidant tert‐Butyl Hydroperoxide

To improve the abiotic stress tolerance of maize (Zea mays L.), doubled haploid (DH) plants were produced by in vitro selection of microspores exposed to tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (t‐BuOOH) as a powerful prooxidant This study investigated the tolerance of the progenies of t‐BuOOH‐selected DH lines to oxidative stress, cold and drought in controlled environment pot experiments by analyses of photosynthetic electron transport and CO₂ assimilation processes, chlorophyll bleaching and lipid peroxidation of leaves. Our results demonstrated that the t‐BuOOH‐selected DH plants exhibited enhanced tolerance not only to oxidative stress‐induced by t‐BuOOH but also to cold and drought stresses. In addition, they showed elevated activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, glutathione reductase and glutathione S‐transferase when compared with the DH lines derived from microspores that were not exposed to t‐BuOOH and to the original hybrid plants. The results suggest that the simultaneous up‐regulation of several antioxidant enzymes may contribute to the oxidative and cold stress tolerance of the t‐BuOOH‐selected DH lines, and that the in vitro microspore selection represents a potential way to improve abiotic stress tolerance in maize.     

食用菌在京郊都市生态循环农业中的应用

食用菌产业主要利用农林业生产中的秸秆、枝杈等副产品,生产口味鲜美、营养丰富的食用菌,为农民创造了可观的经济收入;同时减少了秸秆的剩余量,降低了焚烧秸秆对环境的污染;食用菌采收后的菌渣还可生产出大量的有机肥,有利地促进了有机农业的发展。近年来,食用菌产业在京郊广泛推广,在工厂化栽培、农民散户栽培的基础上,依据北京地区气候特点,开展了反季节栽培、林下仿生栽培等各种新模式。着重介绍了食用菌产业在生态循环农业中的作用,目前京郊食用菌产业的基本情况,并以通州区、昌平区为例,介绍京郊食用菌工厂化栽培、反季节栽培与林下仿生栽培模式。     

菠萝灌溉施肥技术研究进展

季节性干旱是限制菠萝增产提质增效的重要原因,发展“以水促肥,以肥促产,水肥高效耦合”的现代灌溉施肥技术,是应对季节性干旱,促进菠萝增产提质增效的重要途径。本文从华南地区季节性干旱时空分布特征、干旱胁迫对菠萝生长发育的影响、我国菠萝水肥管理现状、灌溉施肥技术对菠萝生长发育的影响等4个方面简要阐述了我国菠萝灌溉施肥技术发展的必要性,重点从现代灌溉施肥方式、耗水规律和养分吸收规律等3方面总结了菠萝灌溉施肥技术研究进展,并结合研究进展提出我国菠萝灌溉施肥技术目前存在的问题,探讨未来可能的研究重点和发展方向,为菠萝灌溉施肥技术的研究与应用提供参考。     

深优957特征特性及栽培技术

2012年引进杂交水稻新品种深优957在福建省南平市光泽县早季试种，经过2年多的试种观察，结果表明：深优957是感温型三系杂交水稻品种，全生育期137d，综合性状好，增产潜力大。并总结配套栽培技术。     

水稻两段栽培技术在浉河区生产上的应用成效

介绍了水稻两段栽培技术的原理和方法,以及信阳市浉河区推广水稻两段栽培技术在减肥控氮、节本增效等方面取得的主要成效和主要做法。     

番茄树在百色的引种表现及栽培技术

从育苗、定植前准备、定植、田间管理、病虫害防治、采收等方面对农业观光园番茄树京丹六号栽培技术进行总结。     

深两优5814作烟后稻旱育抛秧高产栽培技术

深两优5814系国家杂交水稻工程技术研究中心深圳清华龙岗研究所用"Y58S"与自选"恢复系丙4114"组配选育的优质、高产、抗病的两系超级杂交水稻新品种,属弱感光型。2009年宁化县引进种植,根据其特征特性并结合宁化县的气候条件,总结深两优5814作烟后稻旱育抛秧高产栽培技术。