不同滴灌春小麦品种的氮素吸收规律和氮营养指数

为探究滴灌春小麦氮素吸收规律和不同生育时期氮营养状况的基因型差异,以新春6号和新春35号为供试材料,设置0、75、150、225、300、375kg·hm-26个施氮水平,分析滴灌条件下不同春小麦品种在生育期内的氮素吸收曲线、临界值曲线及氮营养指数。结果表明,两个春小麦品种氮素吸收量均随施氮量的增加而增加,新春6号的氮素快速积累期早于新春35号。植株吸氮量的临界值与出苗后天数均呈极显著的二次函数关系(新春6号:y=-0.174 6x2+22.528x+414.02,R2=0.998**;新春35号:y=-0.169 9x2+20.832x+357.13,R2=0.993**)。依据氮营养指数计算,两个春小麦品种的适宜施氮量均在225~300kg·hm-2范围,且应适当降低出苗后25d之前和提高出苗后35d的施氮量。     

Root growth,soil water variation,and grain yield response of winter wheat to supplemental irrigation

Water shortage threatens agricultural sustainability in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China. Thus, we investigated the effect of supplemental irrigation (SI) on the root growth, soil water variation, and grain yield of winter wheat in this region by measuring the moisture content in different soil layers. Prior to SI, the soil water content (SWC) at given soil depths was monitored to calculate amount of irritation water that can rehydrate the soil to target SWC. The SWC before SI was monitored to depths of 20, 40, and 60 cm in treatments of W20, W40, and W60, respectively. Rainfed treatment with no irrigation as the control (W0). The mean root weight density (RWD), triphenyl tetrazolium chloride reduction activity (TTC reduction activity), soluble protein (SP) concentrations as well as catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in W40 and W60 treatments were significantly higher than those in W20. The RWD in 60–100 cm soil layers and the root activity, SP concentrations, CAT and SOD activities in 40–60 cm soil layers in W40 treatment were significantly higher than those in W20 and W60. W40 treatment is characterized by higher SWC in the upper soil layers but lower SWC in the 60–100-cm soil layers during grain filling. The soil water consumption (SWU) in the 60–100 cm soil layers from anthesis after SI to maturity was the highest in W40. The grain yield, water use efficiency (WUE), and irrigation water productivity were the highest in W40, with corresponding mean values of 9169 kg ha^?1, 20.8 kg ha^?1 mm^?1, and 35.5 kg ha^?1 mm^?1. The RWD, root activities, SP concentrations, CAT and SOD activities, and SWU were strongly positively correlated with grain yield and WUE. Therefore, the optimum soil layer for SI of winter wheat after jointing is 0–40 cm.     

Filling a blank on the map: 60 years of fisheries in Equatorial Guinea

Despite a scarcity of pertinent information, it has been possible to reconstruct time series of marine fisheries catches for Equatorial Guinea from 1950 to 2010 using per capita fish consumption and population numbers for small‐scale fisheries, catch rates and number of vessels for industrial fisheries and discard rates to estimate the discarded bycatch. Small‐scale fisheries, industrial large‐scale fisheries, domestic and legal and illegal foreign fisheries and their discards are all included. Total catches were estimated at 2.7 million tonnes over the time period considered, of which 653 000 t were caught domestically compared to 187 000 t reported by FAO. This shows that fisheries have more importance for Equatorial Guinea's food security than the official data suggest. In contrast to what is suggested by official figures, fisheries were shown to be strongly impacted by civil and political unrest; notably, they declined overall because of civil and political conflicts, socio‐demographic dynamics, and a growing role of the newly discovered oil resources, which directly and indirectly threaten the food security of the people of Equatorial Guinea.     

香蒲-表面流湿地系统净化灌溉水过程中镉的分布和累积

以室外人工湿地系统进行农田灌溉水净化试验,分析Cd在表面流人工湿地中的分布和累积规律,旨在为利用人工湿地净化灌溉水中镉提供理论依据。结果表明:湿地平均水力停留时间为1.62 d,湿地对Cd的平均去除率为68.88%。香蒲地下根茎Cd含量较高,最高可达127.39 mg·kg~(-1),地上茎叶Cd含量较低,最高为14.65 mg·kg~(-1),其富集系数与转运系数范围分别为6.58~41.26、0.037~0.107,说明香蒲具有净化灌溉水中Cd的潜力,Cd主要积累在地下部分。Cd在香蒲与底泥中的含量随水流沿程的延长呈递减趋势,且随着时间的推移逐渐增加。底泥中各点位Cd形态所占比例平均值大小依次为B2B1B3B4,其潜在有效性较大。     

不同移栽方式对烤烟‘KRK26’生长发育和产质量影响研究

为研究不同移栽方式对烤烟‘KRK26’生长发育和产、质量影响,进行了膜下小苗移栽与膜上壮苗移栽对比试验。结果表明,膜下小苗移栽方式能有效促进烤烟生长发育,缩短烤烟大田生育期,烟叶成熟期提前8天。同时改善烟叶外观质量,化学成分更加协调,使烟叶单产提高10.5%,上等烟率提高0.9%,产值提高11.3%。试验证明了德宏烟区膜下小苗移栽的优势,为德宏烟区烤烟最佳移栽方式提供依据。     

西北地区马铃薯膜上覆土最佳土层厚度试验

马铃薯高垄膜上覆土自然顶膜出苗栽培技术为近年来推广的一项马铃薯栽培新技术,具有自然出苗率高、产量高、杂草少等优点,其中膜上覆土的最佳土层厚度是影响马铃薯自然顶膜出苗的关键因素之一。本试验设0、1、3、5、7 cm 5个覆土厚度处理,结果表明： 3cm、5cm两个处理为最佳覆土厚度,3cm、5 cm两个处理采用的覆土厚度更有利于顶膜出苗,自然顶膜出苗率分别达到95.2%、98%,出苗整齐度分别为91.7%、91.4%,较对照产量分别增加了28.83%、27.72%,商品率分别提高了47.77%、49.64%,膜下杂草分别减少了44.74%、84.21%。同时,地膜回收也更为彻底。     

Is the nutritive value of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) related to the accumulated forage mass?

The aim of this work was to investigate whether neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and dry‐matter digestibility (DMD) are related to tall fescue accumulated forage mass (AFM) and to assess the relevance of environmental variables to predict the nutritive value of tall fescue swards. Three experiments were carried out in Pergamino, Argentina. To obtain swards with different amounts of AFM, two N levels and two irrigation regimes were applied in the spring after sowing and the autumn of the next year. In spring and autumn, AFM, NDF and DMD were measured every 10–12 days. In spring, NDF increased from 503 to 604 g kg^?1, DMD decreased from 684 to 558 g kg^?1 and AFM increased from 0·64 to 2·82 t DM ha^?1. In autumn, NDF decreased from 543 to 442 g kg^?1, DMD increased from 591 to 681 g kg^?1 and AFM increased from 0·35 to 1·10 t DM ha^?1. The results show that the nutritive value of tall fescue through the year is not related to the accumulation of dry matter of the sward. Nutritive value is determined by the reproductive stage in late spring and early summer, the fate of photosynthates at different times of the year and the synthesis of non‐digestible compounds.     

膜下滴灌水肥耦合对半干旱区玉米生长发育及产量的影响

在田间条件下,采用水肥一体化的施肥模式对覆膜玉米水氮耦合效应进行研究,明确水氮耦合对吉林省西部玉米生长的影响,提出最佳灌水量和施氮量。研究结果表明,水、氮在一定范围内配合表现出明显的正交互作用,促进玉米的生长发育;施氮量超过一定范围将产生负效应,对玉米的生长发育及产量起到一定的抑制作用。在吉林省西部施氮量280 kg/hm~2、灌水量500 mm为最佳水氮组合,玉米株高、叶面积指数、生物量与其他处理间存在显著性差异;产量最高,比不施氮处理增产36.1%。     

自吸喷灌泵自吸过程的非定常流动数值计算与验证

为了建立一种适合自吸喷灌泵在自吸过程中的气液两相流数值模拟方法,采用 ANSYS CFX 软件,进行仿真自吸喷灌泵自吸过程的数值计算,研究自吸过程中气液混合、气液分离及气液逸出现象,分析自吸过程中泵内部的速度、压力及含气率的变化规律,了解自吸过程的气液两相流特点。自吸泵的整个自吸过程分为3个阶段：自吸初期由叶轮旋转作用排水产生的吸气阶段（t≤0.5 s）、自吸中期由气水混合及气水分离作用产生排气功能的吸气阶段（0.5 s4 s）。自吸成功的关键就是叶轮的旋转迫使叶轮进口处少量的水混合着一部分气体沿着叶轮叶片压力面流动至叶轮出口处并进入正反导叶,然后沿着反导叶叶片压力面流出,表明在自吸过程中气水混合物总是沿着较高的压力面流动。通过采用摄影技术得到多级自吸喷灌泵在自吸初期及中期时泵出口段水柱高度的变化规律,发现试验结果与数值计算结果非常相近,不仅两者的变化规律基本相同,而且其结果相差不超过6%。     

优化灌溉制度提高苜蓿种植当年产量及品质

为探讨灌溉定额及分配对滴灌苜蓿种植当年生产性能及水分利用效率的影响,该研究设3种滴灌灌溉定额,分别为3 750(W1)、4 500(W2)、5 250 m3/hm2(W3),且在W2处理下,设3种灌溉定额分配模式(Q1:刈割前灌溉本茬次总灌水量的35%+刈割后灌溉本茬次总灌水量的65%;Q2:刈割前灌溉本茬次总灌水量的50%+刈割后灌溉本茬次总灌水量的50%;Q3:刈割前灌溉本茬次总灌水量的65%+刈割后灌溉本茬次总灌水量的35%)。结果表明,滴灌苜蓿种植当年,不同灌溉量条件下,苜蓿的株高、叶茎比、茎粗、生长速度、干草产量、粗蛋白(crude protein,CP)含量均为W3W1处理,中性洗涤纤维(neutral detergent fiber,NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(acid detergent fiber,ADF)含量为W3W2处理,水分利用效率(water use efficiency,WUE)为W1W3处理;不同灌溉定额分配条件下,苜蓿的株高、叶茎比、茎粗、生长速度、干草产量、CP、WUE均为Q1Q3处理,且Q1处理的干草产量最高达到9 916~10 172 kg/hm2,WUE为3.31~3.39 kg/(mm·hm2),NDF、ADF含量为Q1Q3处理。适宜的灌水量(4 500 m3/hm2)有利于苜蓿种植当年干草产量的提高,并保持较高的粗蛋白含量和相对较低的纤维含量;刈割前灌溉本茬次总灌水量的35%,并在刈割后灌溉本茬次总灌水量的65%,有利于苜蓿种植当年干草产量的提高及营养品质的改善。