氯化钾抑制玉米茎腐病发生与土壤微生物关系初探

十二年的钾肥长期定位试验表明,氯化钾能够显著降低玉米茎腐病的发生率。为了探讨其机理,通过室内培养试验,研究了PDA培养基中添加氯化钾和土壤浸提液对禾谷镰刀菌(Fusarium.graminearum)生长速度的影响,分析了长期施用氯化钾条件下玉米各生育期根际真菌、细菌和放线菌数目的变化。结果发现,一定浓度的氯化钾不能直接抑制禾谷镰刀菌的生长;与不施氯化钾处理相比,施氯化钾处理的土壤浸提液对禾谷镰刀菌生长具有明显的抑制效果,表明土壤浸提液在病原菌与玉米互作中发挥一定作用。长期施氯化钾显著影响玉米生育前期根际土壤真菌和放线菌数目,对根际土壤细菌数目影响不明显,而且真菌数目与茎腐病的发生率呈显著负相关。各处理根际土壤真菌与放线菌数目差异显著时期正处于病原菌的主要浸染时期,因此,施氯化钾引起的玉米根际土壤微生物区系(尤其是真菌数目)的变化是抑制玉米茎腐病发生的机制之一。     

镉污染土壤根际环境的调节与植物修复研究进展

简要回顾了近年来土壤镉污染现状,介绍了根际环境的调节作用、镉污染土壤的植物修复技术的类型、特点及植物修复情况,并对今后植物修复发展前景作了进一步展望,为实现对镉污染土壤进行有效的生态整治与安全高效益的利用提供了新的技术途径。     

八达岭山地次生林土壤养分与磷酸酶活性研究

 为探讨北京八达岭山地土壤肥力状况,以黑桦、糠椴、核桃楸3种次生林为对象,对其土壤养分和磷酸酶活性进行研究。结果表明:土壤养分有明显的表聚效应;土壤全磷含量仅为0.39～0.66g.kg-1之间,有可能出现缺磷现象;土壤磷酸酶的活性以酸性磷酸酶为主,呈垂直递减分布规律;各种土壤养分和磷酸酶活性均有明显的根际效应,根系/本土比值在1.02～5.25之间。用SPSS软件进行分析表明,土壤磷酸酶活性与土壤pH、有机质、全氮、有效氮、有效磷和速效钾显著正相关,可以作为土壤肥力评价的一个指标。     

不同年龄木麻黄林地根际土壤养分含量和酶活性动态

在福建省东山县滨海沙地，开展了不同年龄木麻黄林地根际和非根际土壤养分和酶活性的测定，研究结果表明：（1）不同年龄木麻黄林地根际pH小于非根际土壤，随林龄增长根际土壤和非根际土壤pH值均表现为下降趋势；根际土壤有机质、全氮和水解氮含量高于非根际土壤，各土层有机质含量在中龄林时最大；从中龄林阶段至过熟林，水解氮含量下降；全磷和速效磷含量从幼林发育至中龄林、近熟林逐渐减少，至过熟林略有恢复；根际土壤全钾、速效钾含量呈增加趋势。（2）不同年龄木麻黄林地根际CEC值、水解性总酸度、交换性盐基总量、交换性Mg^2＋均大于非根际土壤；幼林龄根际交换性Ca^2＋低于非根际；土壤CEC值在中龄林时最高。（3）不同年龄木麻黄林地根际土壤磷酸酶、过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶活性均大于非根际土壤；随着林木的生长，根际和非根际土壤磷酸酶活性逐渐升高，并且根际与非根际间的差异也呈增大趋势；根际过氧化物酶活性从幼龄林到中龄林下降，随着林木生长至过熟林有所升高；根际多酚氧化酶活性在过熟林阶段高于其它发育阶段。     

Growth,phosphorus uptake,and rhizosphere microbial‐community composition of a phosphorus‐efficient wheat cultivar in soils differing in pH

In a pot experiment, the P‐efficient wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar Goldmark was grown in ten soils from South Australia covering a wide range of pH (four acidic, two neutral, and four alkaline soils) with low to moderate P availability. Phosphorus (100 mg P kg^–1) was supplied as FePO₄ to acidic soils, CaHPO₄ to alkaline, and 1:1 mixture of FePO₄ and CaHPO₄ to neutral soils. Phosphorus uptake was correlated with P availability measured by anion‐exchange resin and microbial biomass P in the rhizosphere. Growth and P uptake were best in the neutral soils, lower in the acidic, and poorest in the alkaline soils. The good growth in the neutral soils could be explained by a combination of extensive soil exploitation by the roots and high phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere, indicating microbial facilitation of organic‐P mineralization. The plant effect (soil exploitation by roots) appeared to dominate in the acidic soils. Alkaline phosphatase and diesterase activities in acidic soils were lower than in neutral soils, but strongly increased in the rhizosphere compared with the bulk soil, suggesting that microorganisms contribute to P uptake in these acidic soils. Shoot and root growth and P uptake per unit root length were lowest in the alkaline soils. Despite high alkaline phosphatase and diesterase activities in the alkaline soils, microbial biomass P was low, suggesting that the enzymes could not mineralize sufficient organic P to meet the demands of plants and microorganisms. Microbial‐community composition, assessed by fatty acid methylester (FAME) analysis, was strongly dependent on soil pH, whereas other soil properties (organic‐C or CaCO₃ content) were less important or not important at all (soil texture).     

Selenium Speciation and Distribution Characteristics in the Rhizosphere Soil of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Seedlings

A five-step sequential extraction procedure was used for the fractionation of selenium (Se) in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils with rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings. Results showed that in rhizosphere soils without the addition of Se, the soluble Se (Sol-Se), exchangeable Se and Se bound to carbonates (Exc-Se), Se bound to organic-sulfide matter and elemental Se (OM-Se), and total Se contents were significantly greater than those in nonrhizosphere soils, whereas the residual Se (Res-Se) was less than that in the nonrhizosphere soils. After the addition of Se, the Sol-Se and OM-Se contents in the rhizosphere soils were still evidently greater than those in nonrhizosphere soils, but the Exc-Se was significantly less in rhizosphere soils than in nonrhizosphere soils. Our overall results suggest that the Se bioavailability in rice rhizosphere soils is greater than that in nonrhizosphere soils. Selenium bioavailability in the rhizosphere soil is not correlated with Se accumulation in rice seedlings.     

整地对人工林根际微生物的影响

油松幼林地与未造林地上不同整地方法土壤微生物总数与细菌数量分布规律一致,都是鱼鳞坑整地和水平沟整地〉不整地,说明整地更有利于土壤微生物的繁殖。鱼鳞坑整地和水平沟整地与不整地之间土壤微生物数量以及细菌、真菌、放线菌数量的互作效应差异均显著。     

A Study on the Effects of Tactical Drenchings with a Benzimidazole against Ostertagiasis in Calves

In the present study tactical fenbendazole treatments against ostertagiasis in calves were given at short intervals towards the end of the grazing season. This prevented clinical disease and had moderate effects on parasitic loads in animals that stayed on the same pasture throughout the season. The feasibility of tactical treatments is discussed in relation to various strategical control measures.