根际施肥调控对油菜硝酸盐含量的影响研究

利用盆栽试验,测定了肥料周围不同距离处土壤中NH4+与NO3-增量的变化,验证不同施肥方式对小油菜产量与NO3-含量的影响。结果发现,通过肥料在土壤中的扩散作用,肥料氮对土壤NH4+与NO3-增量的影响范围主要是在距肥料4cm内,但集中施肥与酸性根际肥(Ph1.0～2.0)的显著差异则是在2cm内;后者的NH4+扩散与硝化作用都较前者弱。其中,在距肥料1cm处,集中施肥的土壤NH4+增量于施肥一周后达最大值,而酸性根际肥则在两周后,且两者NH4+增量差异显著;在2cm处,二者土壤NH4+增量达最大值的时间都较1cm处晚一周,且前者显著低于后者,而后者土壤的NO3-增量都低于前者。在盆栽试验中,酸性根际肥使小油菜的土壤NH4+含量显著提高,而NO3-含量却很低。与集中施肥比较,土壤NH4+含量提高13%,NO3-含量降低72%～89%,小油菜的硝酸盐累积量降低了28%,小油菜产量增加39%。     

氮素营养水平对小麦根际微生物及土壤酶活性的影响

在大田高产栽培条件下．研究了不同施氮水平对豫麦49-198根际微生物和土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明：豫麦49-198根系土壤蛋白酶活性和脲酶活性随生育时期推进均呈先上升后下降的变化趋势．蛋白酶活性、脲酶活性分别在拔节期和返青期达到最大值。在同一生育时期内，随着施氮水平的提高，蛋白酶活性呈先增加后降低的变化趋势．其中以N2（180kg／hm^2）处理的蛋白酶活性最高，但N4（360kg／hm^2）处理的蛋白酶活性仍大于对照N1（0kg／hm^2）；脲酶活性随施氮水平的提高呈上升趋势．以N4（360kg／hm^2）处理的脲酶活性最大。根际微生物总量随生育时期推进呈先增加后下降的趋势，在孕穗期达到最大值．开花期略有降低；在同一生育时期．随着施氨水平的提高，根际微生物数量呈先增加后下降的趋势，以N3（270kg／hm^2）处理的根际微生物总量最高．且各处理之间的差异都达到了显著水平。     

Influence of introduced potential biocontrol agents on maize seedling growth and bacterial community structure in the rhizosphere

Two species of Pseudomonas chromosomally tagged with gfp, which had shown antagonistic activity against the tomato pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum in a previous study, were assessed for their impact in the rhizosphere of maize. Plant growth characteristics, numbers of indigenous heterotrophic bacteria, changes in the bacterial community structure according to the r/K strategy concept, and shifts in MIDI-FAME profiles of culturable bacterial fractions as well as total rhizosphere microbial communities were determined in relation to seed and soil treatment with the exogenous pseudomonads. The maize rhizosphere proved to be a suitable habitat for the introduced P. chlororaphis IDV1 and P. putida RA2, which showed good survival after introduction. However, both inoculants showed a small growth-reducing effect towards maize, which might have been caused by the high densities of inoculants used (i.e. competition for nutrients and action of metabolites produced) and/or changes in microbial community structure (both culturable bacterial fraction and the total microflora). Probably, an altered balance among the indigenous maize rhizosphere populations occurred. Thus, the culturable bacteria, as well as the total microflora in the rhizosphere, changed in response to the introduced pseudomonads, and their development was dependent on the growth stage of the plant. The FAME analyses showed that these microbial communities comprised different populations, and were separated according to, first, the method used (direct versus cultivation-based), second, sampling time, and, finally, inoculation level.     

VA菌根对土壤酸度的耐性

The ammonification,nitrifcation and denitrification in maize rhizosphere of alluvial sols were compared with those in the bulk soil after exposure to different kinds of heavy metals.The addition of cadmium at low levels (2 mg kg^-1 and 5 mg kg^-1）could stimulate the ammonification and nitrification in the soils,while inhibition influences were found at high levels of Cd addition (10 mg kg^-1 and 20mg kg^-1），The relationship between microbial activity and cadmium concentration varied with the kind of microorganisms.The nitrifying bacteria were more sensitive to cadmium pollution than the ammonifying bacteria.When Cd( Ⅱ），Cu（Ⅱ）and Cr（Ⅵ）wer compared at the same addition concentration of 20 mg kg^-1 soil,Cd(Ⅱ） was the most effective inhibitor of ammonification and denitrification. among the three investigated heavy metals,and Cr（Ⅵ）had the most strong inhibitory influence on the nitrifying bacteria.The microbial activities in rhizosphere were higher than those in the bulk soil for most of the treatments.Cr(Ⅵ)proved to be the most effective in enhacing the microbial activities in rhizosphere,and this could be caused by the poitive reduction of Cr(Ⅵ）to Cr(Ⅲ）in rhizosphere,and the relatively sufficient existence of organic matter which intensified the adsorption of the metal,It seemed that the rhizosphere had some mitigation effect on heavy metal toxicity.     

长期施用堆肥对小麦根际及非根际土壤化学性质的影响

Compost of different rates was applied to artificial field plots of a low humic andosol at National Agriculture Research Center (NARC)of Japan for 15 or 28 years,and their effects on the chemical properties of wheat rhizosphere soil and nonrhizosphere soil were measured.Contiuous application of compost for 28 years resulted in raise of soil C,N,P,pH and exchangeable based.The building up of compost for 28 years resulted in raise of soil C,N,P,pH and exchangeale bases,The building up of organic matter in the soil occureed slowly.A residual effect of the compost on soil chemical properties was still present after 13 years of no application,but this effect was weaker in comparison with that of the continuous application treatments.In the rhizosphere soil,NaHCO3-extracted P and exchangeable Ca were higher than those in the bulk soil.The removal of free organic acid slightly affected the soil pH,especially,the rhizosphere soil pH.The raise of soil pH may result from the increase of exchangeable base by the application of compost.     

揭膜对陆地棉根际温度、各器官干物质积累和产量、品质的影响

 试验以2个陆地棉(Gossypium hirsutum L.)品种新陆早40号和新陆早45号为材料,研究了适时揭膜方式对陆地棉根际温度,蕾铃数,根、茎、叶、蕾铃干物质积累和产量品质性状的影响。结果表明：与全生育期覆膜相比,两陆地棉品种适时揭膜的根层 5,10,15 cm处根际温度均低于全生育期覆膜（6月下旬除外）,平均低0.48℃;揭膜蕾铃数目及根、茎、叶、蕾铃干重前期小于全生育期覆膜,而后期大于全生育期覆膜;揭膜的产量、单株结铃数、铃重、衣分、始节位高、麦克隆值和伸长率均高于全生育期覆膜,株高、纤维上半部平均长度、断裂比强度、均低于全生育期覆膜,其中小区产量、单株结铃数、纤维上半部平均长度、断裂比强度4个指标达到了显著水平。试验结果表明,揭膜相对于全生育期覆膜而言,前期发育较慢,而后期发育较快。因此,揭膜对延缓地膜棉早衰和增产具有重要作用。     

Changes in phosphorus fractions in the rhizosphere of some crop species under glasshouse conditions

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of cultivation of some agronomic plant species on inorganic soil‐P fractions in different sampling zones. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design as factorial in three replicates. The factors were plant species (10 different species and control) and soil‐sampling zone (soil adhering to root mat, rhizosphere soil, and nonrhizospheric soil). The thin‐slicing technique was modified and used to sample rhizosphere soil. The percentages of P fractions in the planted and control soils were near 64% apatite (apatite‐P), 24% octa‐Ca‐phosphates (OCP‐P), 7% Fe‐phosphates (Fe‐P), 4% di‐Ca‐phosphates (DCP‐P), 1% Al‐phosphates (Al‐P), and 0% occluded‐P (O‐P). All of the studied plant species decreased significantly all of the inorganic P fractions in soil adhering to root mat and in rhizosphere soil compared to those in nonrhizosphere soil. However, these decreases were not equal for each fraction and the percentage of apatite‐P increased in rhizosphere soil of the plant species. The means of total P, soluble P, DCP‐P, OCP‐P, Al‐P, and Fe‐P were lower in soil adhering to root mat compared to those in rhizosphere soil. However, this difference was only significant for OCP‐P. In contrast, the mean of apatite‐P in soil adhering to root mat was significantly higher than that in rhizosphere soil. The changes of apatite‐P may be more governed by microbial activities (especially mycorrhizal symbiosis) which may be higher in rhizosphere soil compared to soil adhering to root mat.