不同解磷菌剂对美国山核桃根际微生物和酶活性的影响

通过盆栽试验研究3种施P水平下绿针假单胞菌、荧光假单胞菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌3种细菌及其混合菌群对美国山核桃苗3个生长时期根际微生物数量和酶活性的影响。结果表明:施加4种细菌菌剂后山核桃根际土壤中的细菌和放线菌数量增加,真菌数量减少,土壤磷酸酶和脲酶活性上升;3种施P水平下,随着施P水平的提高,各种菌剂对根际微生物数量和酶活性的影响逐渐降低,且3种细菌的混合菌剂较单一菌种对根际微生物数量及土壤磷酸酶和脲酶活性的影响更大。     

天津滨海主要盐生植物根际土壤特征研究

以天津滨海地区为研究区,选取3种主要滨海盐生植物盐地碱蓬、碱蓬和芦苇为试验材料,运用开氏消煮-半微量定氮蒸馏法-氢氧化钠熔融-钼锑抗比色法等方法,测定3种盐生植物根际土壤全氮、全磷、全钾等养分以及全盐等含量,结果发现,3种盐生植物都对于氮磷钾表现出一定的富集作用,但具有较强的选择性。对于有效成分中速效钾的吸收都很强烈,这可能是滨海盐生植物的生理共性。初步探明了滨海盐生植物能有效降低滨海盐土中的盐分含量,并且选择性的富集养分元素,对于滨海盐土具有一定的改良作用。根据盐生植物根际土壤特征,在盐碱地治理开发中可通过种植不同盐生植物来减少土壤盐分,增加土壤肥力,为实现滨海盐碱地科学开发利用提供理论依据。     

胶质芽孢杆菌对黑麦草根际微生物数量的影响

本试验采用稀释涂布平板法研究了从玉米(Zea mays)、草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis)、披碱草(Elymus dahuricus)、多年生黑麦草、匍匐剪股颖(Agrostis palustris)根际土壤中分离到的5株胶质芽孢杆菌（Bacillus mucilaginosus）菌株对多年生黑麦（Lolium perenne）草根际微生物数量的影响。结果表明,分离筛选到的5株胶质芽孢杆菌菌剂施入土壤后,黑麦草根际3个采样时期的细菌、放线菌数量都分别高于无施胶质芽孢杆菌菌剂的对照;但3个采样时期的根际真菌数量与对照相比均呈降低趋势,说明5株胶质芽孢杆菌菌剂施入土壤后对真菌的生长具有抑制作用,但对多年生黑麦草根际细菌、放线菌数量的提高具有促进作用。     

转菜豆几丁质酶基因和烟草葡聚糖酶基因抗病棉花的种植对棉花根际土壤酶活性的影响

本研究探讨了转菜豆几丁质酶基因和烟草葡聚糖酶基因的抗病棉花株系7p、28p(双价载体)以及受体高代材料97185、79701的种植对根际土壤过氧化氢酶活性、蛋白酶活性、纤维素酶活性、脲酶活性、蔗糖酶活性的影响。结果表明:整个生育时期抗病转基因棉花根际土壤的过氧化氢酶活性与其受体之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。另外,根际土壤的蛋白酶活性、纤维素酶活性、脲酶活性、蔗糖酶活性在同一生育期内差异不显著(P>0.05),而在不同的生育时期差异显著(P<0.05)。说明抗病转基因棉花的种植对根际土壤过氧化氢酶和蛋白酶几乎无影响,而根际土壤纤维素酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶活性的变化转基因抗病棉花与受体种植之间几乎没有影响,而在不同棉花株系和生育期之间产生一定的影响,这可能与不同基因类型以及生育期植株根部分泌物有关。研究初步表明转基因抗病棉花的种植对土壤微生态的影响不大。     

陕北果树根际解磷菌的初步研究

试验利用PKO培养基从陕北果树根际土壤中筛选得到4株可有效分解利用难溶性磷酸盐的菌株,对其解磷及促植物生长能力进行了研究.结果表明,试验菌株在利用无机磷的同时,可产生有机磷、NH3和HCN,可有效促进植物的生长.试验可为陕北果树专用菌肥的开发、生产打下基础.     

旱区灌溉棉田土壤呼吸昼夜变化特征及其与土壤温度的关系

本试验以裸地为对照,通过对土壤剖面CO2浓度的监测,研究了旱区灌溉棉田土壤呼吸的昼夜变化规律及其与土壤温度的关系。主要结果如下:(1)土壤及根际呼吸均呈"V"型昼夜变化特征,最小值出现在16∶00~17∶00之间,而土壤微生物呼吸昼夜变化趋势与之相反;(2)土壤微生物呼吸产生的CO2通量在土壤升温阶段略高于降温阶段,相对的,根际呼吸在土壤升温阶段产生的CO2通量低于降温阶段,并形成一个明显的逆时针圆圈;(3)棉花根际呼吸对土壤呼吸的平均贡献率为47%。以上结果说明,在建立土壤呼吸与土壤温度相关关系模型的过程中,需要区分根际呼吸和土壤微生物呼吸,充分考虑土壤温度变化对土壤呼吸各组分影响的差异性。     

根剪对冬枣根际土理化性状及生物学特性的影响

以6年生的冬枣(Zizyphusjujuba Mill.)为试材,分别在行间两侧距树干3倍、5倍和7倍胸径距离处对其进行根剪处理,研究了根剪对冬枣根际土理化性状及生物学特性的影响.结果表明:与对照相比,3倍胸径距离根剪提高了根际土的有效N,P,K含量和pH值以及农药残留的含量;减少了根际土中细菌和真菌的数量,处理间差异达到显著水平,而对放线菌数量则无明显影响;3倍胸径距离根剪抑制了根际土的过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶及脲酶活性;降低了有机质含量及根分泌物中氮基酸总量、有机酸总量和总糖含量.与3倍胸径距离根剪相比.5倍胸径距离根剪后根际土中的有效N,P,K含量、有机质含量、酶活性、根分泌物、微生物数量均有所增加,pH值以及农药残留量则有所降低.7倍胸径距离根剪,根际土中的各项指标与对照相比无明显差异.综合分析认为,3倍胸径距离根剪对根际土理化性状及生物学特性有较大的影响.     

Manganese efficiency and maganese‐uptake kinetics of raya (Brassica juncea), wheat (Triticum aestivum), and oat (Avena sativa) grown in nutrient solution and soil

Manganese (Mn) deficiency is reported worldwide and often decreases crop yield. However, plant species differ in their susceptibility to Mn deficiency. Poaceae are often inefficient, whereas Brassicaceae seem to be efficient in Mn uptake. The objective of this paper was to determine the relevance of Mn‐uptake kinetics, root‐system size, and Mn mobilization for differences in Mn efficiency of wheat, oat, and raya. To determine Mn‐uptake kinetics, wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. PBW 343), raya (Brassica juncea L. cv. RLM 619), and oat (Avena sativa L. cv. Aragon) were grown in a growth chamber together in complete nutrient solution having an average Mn concentration of 90, 180, 360, 910, and 2270 nmol L^–1. For determining Mn efficiency of the three species in soil, the plants were grown for 22 d in pots filled with 3 kg of a loamy soil low in Mn availability (pH (CaCl₂) 7.4; DTPA‐extractable Mn: 3.5 mg (kg soil)^–1). The soil was fertilized with 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 mmol Mn (kg soil)^–1 resulting in Mn soil‐solution concentrations ranging from 40 to 90 nmol L^–1, hence lower than in the solution experiment. In order to determine Mn soil‐solution concentration close to the root surface, the root length density was increased by growing two plants of raya and four plants of wheat in only 250 mL soil columns for 25 d. In solution culture at high concentrations, raya showed a higher Mn uptake compared to wheat and oat. However, at low Mn supply, all three species were comparably Mn‐efficient, i.e., plant growth was similar, and also the uptake was similar. In soil, the highest yield was achieved for raya in the unfertilized treatment whereas the Poaceae needed at least a fertilization of 1 mmol Mn (kg soil)^–1. The Poaceae showed a yield reduction of about 40% in the unfertilized treatment. Manganese concentration in the shoot dry weight was always higher in raya than in wheat or oat. This was due to a higher Mn uptake whereas relative shoot‐growth rate and root‐to‐shoot ratio were similar among the species. The higher Mn uptake of raya in soil was in contradiction to the comparable Mn‐uptake kinetics of the three crops at low Mn concentration in solution. This points to plant differences in their ability to affect Mn availability in the rhizosphere. In the bulk soil, all the crops decreased Mn solution concentration, but this effect was somewhat less for raya. But in the rhizosphere, raya increased Mn soil‐solution concentration significantly to 58 nmol L^–1, as compared to 37 nmol L^–1 of the unplanted control soil. In contrast, wheat showed a Mn solution concentration of 25 nmol L^–1 which was not significantly different from the control. The results indicate that differences in Mn efficiency among the crops studied are related to their ability to affect the solubility of Mn in the rhizosphere.