粤北马铃薯品种比较试验

为筛选出适合粤北山区冬种的优质马铃薯品种,对经前期初步筛选的4个优质马铃薯品种进行了对比试验.结果表明,荷兰薯16号(F)为早熟品种,薯形好,品质、商品薯率、产量等综合性状最佳,鄂马铃薯1号(E1)次之,两品种具有较好的推广前景.桂红皮1号(G)和韶引I号(S)为中晚熟品种,中小薯偏多,增产潜力大,但需进一步试验.     

Evaluation and application of ORYZA2000 for irrigation scheduling of puddled transplanted rice in north west India

Water-saving technologies that increase water productivity of rice are urgently needed to help farmers to cope with irrigation water scarcity. This study tested the ability of the ORYZA2000 model to simulate the effects of water management on rice growth, yield, water productivity (WP), components of the water balance, and soil water dynamics in north-west India. The model performed well as indicated by good agreement between simulated and measured values of grain yield, biomass, LAI, water balance components and soil water tension, for irrigation thresholds ranging from continuous flooding (CF) to 70 kPa soil water tension.Using weather data for 40 different rice seasons (1970-2009) at Ludhiana in Punjab, India, the model predicted that there is always some yield penalty when moving from CF to alternate wetting and drying (AWD). With an irrigation threshold of 10 kPa, the average yield penalty was 0.8 t ha⁻¹ (9%) compared with CF, with 65% irrigation water saving, which increased to 79% at 70 kPa with a yield penalty of 25%. The irrigation water saving was primarily due to less drainage beyond the root zone with AWD compared to CF, with only a small reduction in evapotranspiration (ET) (mean 60 mm).There were tradeoffs between yield, irrigation amount and various measures of WP. While yield was maximum with CF, water productivity with respect to ET (WP_ET) was maximum (1.7 g kg⁻¹) for irrigation thresholds of 0 (CF) to 20 kPa, and irrigation water productivity (WP_I) increased to a maximum plateau (1.3 g kg⁻¹) at thresholds ≥30 kPa.Because of the possibility of plant stress at critical stages known to be sensitive to water deficit (panicle initiation (PI) and flowering (FL)), treatments with additional irrigations were superimposed for 2 weeks at one or both of these stages within the 10, 20 and 30 kPa AWD treatments. Ponding for two weeks at FL was more effective in reducing the yield penalty with AWD than ponding at PI, but the biggest improvement was with ponding at both stages. This reduced the average yield loss from 9% (0.8 t ha⁻¹) to 5% (0.5 t ha⁻¹) for AWD with thresholds of 10 and 20 kPa. However, maximum WP_I (1.1 g kg⁻¹) was achieved with an irrigation threshold of 20 kPa combined with more frequent irrigation at FL only, but with a greater yield penalty (8%). Thus the optimum irrigation schedule depends on whether the objective is to maximise yield, WP_ET or WP_I, which depends on whether land or water are most limiting. Furthermore, the optimum irrigation schedule to meet the short term needs of individual farmers may differ from that needed for sustainable water resource management.     

Effect of water management on dry seeded and puddled transplanted rice: Part 2: Water balance and water productivity

Labour and water scarcity in north west India are driving researchers and farmers to find alternative management strategies that will increase water productivity and reduce labour requirement while maintaining or increasing land productivity. A field experiment was done in Punjab, India, in 2008 and 2009 to compare water balance components and water productivity of dry seeded rice (DSR) and puddled transplanted rice (PTR). There were four irrigation schedules based on soil water tension (SWT) ranging from saturation (daily irrigation) to alternate wetting drying (AWD) with irrigation thresholds of 20, 40 and 70 kPa at 18–20 cm soil depth. There were large and significant declines in irrigation water input with AWD compared to daily irrigation in both establishment methods. The irrigation water savings were mainly due to reduced deep drainage, seepage and runoff, and to reduced ET in DSR. Within each irrigation treatment, deep drainage was much higher in DSR than in PTR, and more so in the second year (i.e. after 2 years without puddling). The irrigation input to daily irrigated DSR was similar to or higher than to daily irrigated PTR. However, within each AWD treatment, the irrigation input to DSR was less than to PTR, due to reduced seepage and runoff, mainly because all PTR treatments were continuously flooded for 2 weeks after transplanting. There was 30–50% irrigation water saving in DSR-20 kPa compared with PTR-20 kPa due to reduced seepage and runoff, which more than compensated for the increased deep drainage in DSR. Yields of PTR and DSR with daily irrigation and a 20 kPa irrigation threshold were similar each year. Thus irrigation and input water productivities (WP_I and WP_I+R) were highest with the 20 kPa irrigation threshold, and WP_I of DSR-20 kPa was 30–50% higher than of PTR-20 kPa. There was a consistent trend for declining ET with decreasing frequency of irrigation, but there was no effect of establishment method on ET apart from higher ET in DSR than PTR with daily irrigation. Water productivity with respect to ET (WP_ET) was highest with a 20 kPa irrigation threshold, with similar values for DSR and PTR. An irrigation threshold of 20 kPa was the optimum in terms of maximising grain yield, WP_I and WP_I+R for both PTR and DSR. Dry seeded rice with the 20 kPa threshold outperformed PTR-20 kPa in terms of WP_I through maintaining yield while reducing irrigation input by 30–50%.     

浅圆仓不同功率风机通风试验研究

利用2.2kW的轴流风机组与7.5kW的离心风机组,对两个浅圆仓进行通风降温,经对比试验,在储粮数量、储粮品种、入仓时间、入仓质量、粮情状况等基本相同的浅圆仓中,当降温效果基本相同时,2.2kW的轴流风机组通风时间较长,7.5kW离心风机组降温效果较快,但水损较多,2.2kW的轴流风机组通风耗能较低,吨粮降温成本较低。     

鸡蛋自动上料装置机构分析与试验

为了优化鸡蛋加工生产线吸盘自动上料装置的结构参数,并确定样机安装中关键零部件同步位置,对该装置的核心部分——吸盘摆臂组合机构进行了结构分析和运动仿真。结果表明:由曲柄摇杆、齿轮和同步带串联组合的吸盘摆臂组合机构自由度为1、曲柄整周转动、摇杆往复摆动60°、摆臂往复摆动180°;同步带角度补偿可以保证在摆臂180°摆动中,吸盘组件始终处于水平状态,保证鸡蛋水平搬运;摆臂末端运动参数(位移、速度、加速度)变化曲线显示,当摇杆摆动到2个极位146°和206°附近时,摆臂存在一段水平速度为零的垂直上下运动,分别对应曲柄84°~108°和252°~312°,以确保吸蛋和放蛋时吸盘垂直运动;为了保证该装置同步协调运动,样机安装时必须使曲柄在96°时,摇杆处在146°、摆臂处在174°位置。样机试验表明:理论分析和仿真结果与样机实测值一致性较好。     

温室穴盘苗并联高速移栽机器人运动误差分析与试验

现有产业化应用的温室穴盘苗移栽机大都为三坐标龙门架式结构,其体积庞大、惯性大、相对刚度低、移栽速度低、柔性作业能力差,无法满足高速剔苗、高速补苗作业要求。针对这些问题设计了一种并联式三平移移栽机器人,阐述了并联移栽机器人主体结构和为其配套设计的5种末端执行器,并统计了这些末端执行器的质量;在ADAMS中建立刚柔耦合动力学模型,选定一条最长对角线轨迹进行仿真;比较了刚性模型理论轨迹与柔性模型实际轨迹的误差,并分析了因动平台质量变化引起的误差变化情况,发现移栽轨迹末段存在振荡问题;最后通过物理样机进行定位精度试验,样机经误差补偿后,平均误差由7.611 mm降低到1.208 mm,其中大部分误差为系统误差。运动试验发现,机构运行平均速度为2 m/s、加速度峰值为20 m/s~2时,满足精度要求;但机构在平均速度3 m/s、加速度峰值30 m/s~2时,误差会扩大,需要进一步改善关节径向支撑力。     

抛膜链齿输送式残膜回收机设计与试验

新疆棉田残膜污染问题严重,机械回收残膜是目前主要的回收方式。现有残膜回收机普遍采用弹齿或伸缩杆齿式起膜装置,回收过程中容易出现残膜缠绕工作部件、卸膜难等问题,影响起膜和卸膜效果。为此,借鉴现有机型的优点,通过刨膜辊刀起膜、抛膜辊刀抛送原理,设计一种起膜抛送、链齿输送、自动脱膜的抛膜链齿输送式残膜回收机。该机具主要由起膜装置、输送装置、脱膜装置、传动系统和集膜箱等组成。残膜通过抛送起膜,配合链齿输送,实现残膜与土块分离,保证了起膜的可靠性;利用自动脱膜和刮板式脱膜机构完成卸膜,解决了残膜缠绕、卸膜难的问题。田间试验结果表明:当作业速度为4~7 km/h时,残膜回收率均值为90.6%,机具作业效率均值为0.84 hm~2/h,残膜含杂率均值为3.971%,当作业速度较快时,提高了作业效率,但回收率降低,含杂率增大。当作业速度为5 km/h时,回收率均值为91.8%,作业效率均值为0.733 hm~2/h,含杂率均值为2.605%,为较适宜的作业速度。该机具运行可靠,起膜与脱膜效果较好,可用于新疆棉田残膜回收。     

一年两熟地区保护性耕作深松试验

为深入了解深松对产量的影响,2013—2017年连续5年进行了深松试验,初步证明小麦玉米一年两熟区,采用保护性耕作免耕后,实施深松能取得明显增产效果。夏深松的效果优于秋深松,5年平均值夏深松比不深松增产5.9%,比秋深松增产2.3%,同时作业费用较低,大面积应用有利农户增产增收。但在夏季干旱严重又缺乏灌溉条件的地区,仍需采用秋深松。深松对作业当季产量影响最大,试验的8季收获中6季为当季产量最高。连续多年深松存在明显的增产效应递减现象,夏深松第1年增产18%,此后逐年降为6.3%、3.9%、3.4%、1.7%。增产效应递减反映出深松对产量影响的两面性:既有疏松土壤、增加田间持水量等正面影响,也有降低播种质量、迟缓土壤有机质积累、减少土壤细菌数量等负面影响,负面影响逐年增大,深松增产效应逐步下降。当增产幅度低于2%时,深松将增产不增收。从本试验看,夏深松第5年、秋深松第3年增产幅度降至投入大于产出的拐点。合理的深松周期需因地制宜,尚需通过进一步试验来确定。     

3-P(4S)并联平台振动特性分析与实验验证

为了研究3-P(4S)并联平台作为振动台的应用前景,根据其动力学模型构建了振动方程,并根据其驱动器特性对振动方程进行简化处理,得到其固有频率和正则固有振型,并在ADAMS仿真软件上对理论振动模型进行了仿真验证,误差范围在0.5%以内。对3-P(4S)并联平台的振动特性进行了分析,包括固有频率随运动位置变化特性和灵敏度特性。通过力锤敲击法进行了3-P(4S)并联平台的模态实验,对实验所得的时域信号进行傅里叶变换得到频域波形,其固有频率的实验值和理论计算值的误差在3%以内,验证了理论分析,说明3-P(4S)并联平台可应用于振动模拟及振动测试等领域。     

黑土肥料长期定位试验冻土分割搬迁后土壤融合效果评价

为了明确黑土长期定位试验土壤搬迁后与新址的融合效果,以一个搬迁土块为研究对象,明确搬迁土块间的接缝处土壤与距接缝处不同距离的中心土壤在理化特性上的不同。结果表明,0~20 cm层次土体中心50 cm处的田间持水量比接缝处高5%,容重低4%,变异系数均明显高于其他层次;20~40 cm层次,土壤的固相率和容重高于其他层次,田间持水量降低,土块横切面各部位物理性质均无明显差别;剖面底部80~100 cm层次接缝处土壤松散缝处的固相率比30 cm和土体中心处低4.3%,液相率低3.1%,气相率高出7.6%,容重下降8.3%。0~40 cm土层的缝处、距缝30 cm和距缝50 cm处的孔隙率均低于40~100 cm层次,其中80~100 cm层次的孔隙率最大,20~40cm孔隙率最低为44.2%;土壤饱和导水率0~20 cm层次为35.3~38.0 cm/d,随着深度的加深呈下降趋势,均小于20cm/d;而80~100 cm层次缝处的饱和导水率值高达144.4 cm/d,是表层土壤的4倍。同一层次搬迁土块缝处与土块中心土壤速效养分无明显差别,缝处全氮含量均高于土块的其他位置,且与距缝30 cm和50 cm处的数值差异均达到显著水平(P0.05);pH随着土层的加深逐渐增大,碱解氮和土壤有机碳含量随着土层的加深而下降。长期定位土壤搬迁5 a后,深层土壤接缝处还处于疏松状态,下层土壤的融合要弱于上层土壤。