Current knowledge about the processes of luteolysis and maternal recognition of pregnancy in camelids

Camelids have many unique reproductive features that considerably differ from those of other domestic species. Females are induced ovulators with subsequent development of a corpus luteum (CL) with a short lifespan. Plasma progesterone concentration starts to increase on day 4, peaks on day 8–9 and, in non-pregnant animals, basal concentration is reached around day 10–11 post-induction of ovulation. Luteolytic pulses of prostaglandin F_2α (PGF_2α) are firstly detected on day 7 or 8 (approximately on day 5–6 after ovulation), with maximal luteolytic peaks observed between days 9 and 11 post-mating, in coincidence with a high endometrial expression of cyclooxygenase 2, a limiting enzyme in prostaglandins synthesis. Unlike other species, oxytocin seems not to be involved in the luteolytic process in these species. The CL is the main source of progesterone secretion, and its function is required to support pregnancy. Despite constant research efforts, aspects of reproduction and maternal recognition of pregnancy in camelids remain not fully understood. A transient decrease and subsequent recovery in plasma progesterone concentration are observed after day 9 post-mating in pregnant animals in association with a pulsatile release of PGF_2α and a transitory decrease in CL vascularization. Thus, embryo recognition should occur between days 8 and 12 post-mating. In camels, conceptus tissues exhibit aromatizing activity with the capacity to synthesize large amounts of oestradiol. Similarly, llama blastocysts secrete oestradiol-17β during the preimplantation stage, with a higher production during the elongation period. An increase in the endometrial expression of oestrogen receptor α is also observed on day 12 post-mating. All these evidences suggest that oestrogen could be the signal released by the embryo at the time of its recognition in camelids. Besides, nearly 98% of pregnancies are carried out in the left horn. A decrease in the endometrial expression of mucin 1 and 16 genes has been reported, suggesting that these changes are crucial for successful embryo implantation; however, no differences have been observed between horns. Thus, maternal recognition of pregnancy in camelids is a particularly complex process that must occur in a concise time to allow the rescue of the CL and embryo survival.     

非洲猪瘟形势下我国养猪业该何去何从

非洲猪瘟是由非洲猪瘟病毒感染家猪或野猪后引发的一种恶性传染病,该疫病在中国的暴发给整个养猪业造成了毁灭性的打击。然而,目前虽有报道称已经有科研单位研制出非洲猪瘟疫苗,但距离其实际应用于生产仍需要相当长的时间。中国是全球最大的猪肉生产和消费国,非洲猪瘟疫情在我国的快速传播使我国生猪产能遭受重创,直接导致猪肉供求失衡、猪肉价格翻番、猪肉市场异动。因此,文章从非洲猪瘟的传播方式、对非洲猪瘟相对有效的防控措施等方面探讨在非洲猪瘟形势下我国养猪业该如何维持产能、如何走好养殖之路。     

Epidemiology and cost of Lyme disease‐related hospitalizations among patients with employer‐sponsored health insurance—United States, 2005–2014

An estimated 300,000 cases of Lyme disease occur in the United States annually. Disseminated Lyme disease may result in carditis, arthritis, facial palsy or meningitis, sometimes requiring hospitalization. We describe the epidemiology and cost of Lyme disease‐related hospitalizations. We analysed 2005–2014 data from the Truven Health Analytics MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters Databases to identify inpatient records associated with Lyme disease based on International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD‐9‐CM) codes. We estimated the annual number and median cost of Lyme disease‐related hospitalizations in the United States in persons under 65 years of age. Costs were adjusted to reflect 2016 dollars. Of 20,983,165 admission records contained in the inpatient databases during the study period, 2,823 (0.01%) met inclusion criteria for Lyme disease‐related hospitalizations. Over half of the identified records contained an ICD‐9‐CM code for meningitis (n = 614), carditis (n = 429), facial palsy (n = 400) or arthritis (n = 377). Nearly 60% of hospitalized patients were male. The median cost per Lyme disease‐related hospitalization was $11,688 (range: $140–$323,613). The manifestation with the highest median cost per stay was carditis ($17,461), followed by meningitis ($15,177), arthritis ($13,012) and facial palsy ($10,491). Median cost was highest among the 15‐ to 19‐year‐old age group ($12,991). Admissions occurring in January had the highest median cost ($13,777) for all study years. Based on extrapolation to the U.S. population, we estimate that 2,196 Lyme disease‐related hospitalizations in persons under 65 years of age occur annually with an estimated annual cost of $25,826,237. Lyme disease is usually treated in an outpatient setting; however, some patients with Lyme disease require hospitalization, underscoring the need for effective prevention methods to mitigate these serious cases. Information from this analysis can aid economic evaluations of interventions that prevent infection and advances in disease detection.     

Sebaceous adenitis in the Akita: clinical observations, histopathology and heredity

Ninety-seven pure-bred Akitas were examined clinically and histologically for sebaceous adenitis. The diagnosis was established histologically in 23 Akitas by demonstrating an inflammatory reaction targeted against the sebaceous glands or a reduction in the number of glands. The clinical course of sebaceous adenitis in the Akita was similar to that seen in other breeds. The first skin lesions occurred mainly on the dorsal midline and ears. Compared with the Poodle, the age at first onset of the disease was more variable and the hair loss affected mainly the undercoat. The progression of sebaceous gland destruction varied between dogs and was not seen in all cases. Because bud-like sebaceous gland proliferation could be identified, it seems that regeneration of the sebaceous glands may occur. An autosomal recessive inheritance appears to be possible. Apart from a genetic background, immune-mediated factors possibly influence the onset and course of sebaceous adenitis.     

短花针茅草地几种牧草利用率的确定

在短花针茅荒漠草原，利用高度一重量百分比方法确定了13种牧草的利用率。结果表明：对于大多数牧草消耗高度占总高度的50%，重量的消耗仅20%～30%；当牧草消耗高度80%时，牧草的利用率为70%。在利用率确定的情况下，可推导出各种牧草的适宜留茬高度。     

内蒙古农牧业自然灾害问题探讨

目前，自然灾害已成为制约我区农牧业稳定持续发展的一大障碍。本文对其定义、类型及危害进行研究，然后总结多年来我区防灾抗灾的成就。在此基础上，提出今后防灾减灾的思路。     

提高母猪生产潜力与仔猪断奶体质量的措施

根据母猪的生长周期，改良哺乳母猪投料方式等，能充分挖掘母猪的生产潜力。加强仔猪的管理。能提高其生长速度，缩短把猪出栏时间，直接或间接的提高经济效益。     

山羊肺淋巴系的研究

24例山羊肺经肺实质和肺胸膜下注射30％普鲁士蓝氯仿溶液，剖查其器官内淋巴管及淋巴流向。结果表明，山羊肺的器官内淋巴管有浅淋巴管和深淋巴管2种。左肺尖叶淋巴管注入左支气管肺淋巴结和气管支气管左淋巴结，左肺心叶淋巴管注入左支气管肺淋巴结、气管支气管左淋巴结和气管支气管中淋巴结，左肺膈叶淋巴管注入气管支气管左淋巴结、气管支气管中淋巴结和纵隔后淋巴结；右肺尖叶淋巴管注入右支气管肺淋巴结和气管支气管前淋巴结，右肺心叶淋巴管注入右支气管肺淋巴结和气管支气管右淋巴结，右肺膈叶淋巴管注入气管支气管右淋巴结、气管支气管中淋巴结和纵隔后淋巴结，右肺副叶淋巴管注入右支气管肺淋巴结、气管支气管中淋巴结和纵隔后淋巴结。     

实验性脾虚证大白鼠酶组织化学研究

将45只大白鼠随机分成3组，即实验组、治疗组及对照组，每组15只。以利血平致大白鼠脾虚证模型，分阶段捕杀动物，取肝脏、胃、十二指肠，用酶组织化学方法测定酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶(G-6-Pase)活性的变化。结果表明：实验组、治疗组、正常对照组各酶活性均发生了变化，在第7天、第14天时组内各酶存在着动态学上的变化。治疗组各酶活性接近正常对照组，说明四君子汤具明显的治疗作用。     

茧壳水煎剂对四氧嘧啶糖尿病模型小鼠的降血糖作用

用不同剂量的茧壳水煎剂分别对正常小鼠和四氧嘧啶糖尿病模型小鼠进行了降血糖作用研究。结果显示 :干茧壳剂量为 1 6、3 2g/kg·d的茧壳水煎剂对正常小鼠连续灌胃 2 0d ,其血糖水平没有明显变化 ;用干茧壳剂量为 1 6g/kg·d的茧壳水煎剂对四氧嘧啶糖尿病模型小鼠连续灌胃 2 0d ,或用干茧壳剂量为 3 2g/kg·d的茧壳水煎剂对四氧嘧啶糖尿病模型小鼠连续灌胃 10d ,其血糖没有显著降低 ;而干茧壳剂量为 3 2g/kg·d的茧壳水煎剂对四氧嘧啶糖尿病模型小鼠连续灌胃 14、2 0d ,有显著的降血糖作用 ,但是若不继续灌胃给药 ,则 7d后 ,这种降血糖作用又丧失。该研究结果为利用蚕茧治疗糖尿病提供了药理学方面的依据