不同地理种群玉米螟赤眼蜂对极端温湿条件的反应

在高温低湿（31 ℃,45% RH和34 ℃,45% RH）和低温低湿（16 ℃, 45% RH和19 ℃,45% RH）不同温湿组合条件下,以亚洲玉米螟卵为寄主,研究了不同地理种群玉米螟赤眼蜂的寿命、生殖力和性比情况。结果表明,在31 ℃,45% RH条件下,北京种群和日照种群平均每雌分别寄生(17.60±1.70)粒和(17.44±1.46)粒,显著高于其他种群（p＜0.05）。在19 ℃,45% RH条件下,广东广州种群寄生寄主卵数最多,平均每雌寄生(26.65±2.17)粒,与其他种群差异显著（p＜0.05）。北京种群、日照种群和广州种群分别可以作为高温低湿和低温低湿条件下防治亚洲玉米螟的候选种群。     

Structure and pathogenic variability in Ascochyta rabiei populations on chickpea in the Canadian prairies

A population study of Ascochyta rabiei from the Canadian prairies was conducted to assess pathogenicity among isolates with the objectives to investigate the existence of a race or pathotype structure and to evaluate whether there had been a shift to higher aggressiveness between 1998 and 2002. Ninety-nine isolates collected in 1998, 2001 and 2002 were inoculated onto seven differential chickpea genotypes. Significant isolate × differential interactions occurred, but accounted for a small proportion of the total variability. It was found that very few interaction effects between all combinations of differentials and isolates were significant and frequency distributions of disease severity of isolates tested on the differentials revealed continuous distributions. These results suggest that no genotype-specific relationship existed between A. rabiei and its host and that Canadian populations of the pathogen cannot be objectively classified into races or pathotypes. Isolates from 2001 and 2002 caused significantly more disease than isolates from 1998, suggesting that disease epidemics encountered since 1999 were in part caused by a shift in the population to higher aggressiveness.     

Genetic diversity and population structure of Striga hermonthica populations from Kenya and Nigeria

Striga hermonthica is a parasitic weed that poses a serious threat to the production of economically important cereals in sub‐Saharan Africa. The existence of genetic diversity within and between S. hermonthica populations presents a challenge to the successful development and deployment of effective control technologies against this parasitic weed. Understanding the extent of diversity between S. hermonthica populations will facilitate the design and deployment of effective control technologies against the parasite. In the present study, S. hermonthica plants collected from different locations and host crops in Kenya and Nigeria were genotyped using single nucleotide polymorphisms. Statistically significant genetic differentiation (F_ST = 0.15, P = 0.001) was uncovered between populations collected from the two countries. Also, the populations collected in Nigeria formed three distinct subgroups. Unique loci undergoing selection were observed between the Kenyan and Nigerian populations and among the three subgroups found in Nigeria. Striga hermonthica populations parasitising rice in Kenya appeared to be genetically distinct from those parasitising maize and sorghum. The presence of distinct populations in East and West Africa and in different regions in Nigeria highlights the importance of developing and testing Striga control technologies in multiple locations, including locations representing the geographic regions in Nigeria where genetically distinct subpopulations of the parasite were found. Efforts should also be made to develop relevant control technologies for areas infested with ‘rice‐specific’ Striga spp. populations in Kenya.     

甘肃省苹果蠹蛾不同地理种群遗传多样性分析

为探明苹果蠹蛾不同地理种群的遗传变异、种群分化及传播扩散情况,利用9对微卫星引物对甘肃9个不同苹果蠹蛾地理种群的遗传多样性进行了研究。应用POPGENE 1.32和NTSYSpc 2.1软件分析表明:9对引物共检测到21个多样性位点,多态性百分比为95.45%;9个不同地理种群的观测等位基因为1.954 5,有效等位基因为1.741 3,Nei氏指数为0.411 3,Shannon指数为0.592 7±0.147 2;遗传相似度在0.325 8~0.817 0范围内。UPGMA聚类分析表明甘州、金塔种群聚为一支,与肃州种群合为一支;临泽种群与总寨种群聚为一支;七里河与敦煌种群聚为一支;高台与民勤种群聚为一支,各分支间的遗传分化系数Fst分别为0.795 0、0.531 4、0.857 9、0.598 0。Mantel检测表明,种群间的遗传距离与地理距离无显著相关性。研究表明,甘肃苹果蠹蛾种群的遗传多样性较低,遗传变异主要来自种群内部,种群之间的基因交流较少,在甘肃省的传播以人为被动传播扩散为主。     

山东省棕榈蓟马田间种群对7种杀虫剂的抗药性

采用叶管药膜法测定了山东省4个蔬菜产区棕榈蓟马对7种杀虫剂的抗药性水平。结果表明,供试药剂毒力由大到小依次为多杀霉素甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐吡虫啉噻虫嗪吡蚜酮高效氯氟氰菊酯辛硫磷;济南、聊城和泰安地区的棕榈蓟马种群对7种药剂基本处于敏感状态,寿光地区的棕榈蓟马对多杀霉素、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、吡虫啉和吡蚜酮产生了6.99~10.83倍的低水平抗性。     

弓形钳叶甲为害棉花和向日葵调查初报

2018年5月在新疆阜康发现弓形钳叶甲 Labidostomis arcuata Pic成虫高密度发生, 严重为害棉花、向日葵幼苗。本文介绍了此次弓形钳叶甲的发生为害情况, 并分析了其可能成因。这是该虫在我国为害农作物的首次报道。     

Population structure,genetic diversity,and sexual state of the rice brown spot pathogen Bipolaris oryzae from three Asian countries

Bipolaris oryzae causes brown spot in rice (Oryza sativa) inflicting substantial grain yield losses worldwide. Knowledge of the population structure, genetic diversity and sexual recombination of the fungal pathogen can help to implement effective disease management strategies. In this study, B. oryzae isolates sampled from Iran, the Philippines and Japan were analysed with 12 simple‐sequence repeat (SSR) markers, newly developed from the genome sequence of the fungus. Among the 288 B. oryzae isolates genotyped, 278 unique haplotypes were identified. High genotype numbers (richness) with even distribution (evenness) were found within the collection sites. Both mating types, MAT1‐1 and MAT1‐2, were present in each collection area, and the sexual state was induced under controlled conditions with production of viable ascospores. However, the tests of linkage disequilibrium rejected of the hypothesis of random mating. Discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) revealed that the B. oryzae collection formed three clusters, each consisting of isolates from different collection sites. Analysis of molecular variance (amova ) showed that genetic variation among clusters was 18.7%, with the rest of the variation distributed within clusters (R_ST = 0.187, P < 0.001). Statistically significant pairwise genetic differentiation was found between the clusters. These results show that Asian B. oryzae isolates are genetically diverse, and, overall, distributed in three groups. These findings will be helpful in managing the disease and guide the use of representative isolates needed for selection of resistant rice varieties.     

Pineapple heart rot isolates from Ecuador reveal a new genotype of Phytophthora nicotianae

Pineapple heart rot disease, caused by Phytophthora nicotianae (syn. P. parasitica), is responsible for significant annual reductions in crop yield due to plant mortality. In Ecuador, new infections arise during the rainy season and increase production costs due to the need for biocontrol and fungicide applications. Studies of P. nicotianae population structure suggest that certain genetic groups are associated with host genera; however, it is not clear how many host‐specific lineages of the pathogen exist or how they are related. The objectives of this study were to determine the level of genetic variation in the P. nicotianae population causing heart rot disease of pineapple in Ecuador and compare the genotypes found on pineapple to those previously reported from citrus, tobacco and ornamentals. Thirty P. nicotianae isolates collected from infected pineapple leaves from four farms were genotyped using nine simple sequence repeat loci. In addition, the DNA sequences of mitochondrial loci cox2 + spacer and trnG‐rns were analysed. Together, these loci supported a single clonal lineage with two multilocus genotypes differing in a single allele and low mitochondrial diversity. This lineage was distinct but closely related to isolates collected from vegetables and ornamentals in Italy. The results support the hypothesis of host specialization of P. nicotianae in intensive cropping systems and contribute to the understanding of population structure of this important pathogen.     

新疆野苹果(Malus sieversii)种群年龄结构及其动态特征

新疆野苹果（Malus sieversii）是我国珍贵的濒危野生植物。通过在伊犁河谷的那孜、大莫合沟、那拉提和交托海4个新疆野苹果分布区建立样地,绘制年龄结构图、编制静态生命表,采用生存分析探明种群的存在状况,应用时间序列分析预测种群发展趋势。结果表明：新疆野苹果年龄结构呈中部膨大,幼龄个体少,中老龄个体多,那孜种群年龄结构偏大,交托海种群偏小;与其他种群相比,大莫合沟V＇pi最小,随机干扰风险极大值（Pmax）接近0,对外界干扰较敏感;那拉提种群的区间寿命、总寿命和期望寿命低,消失率高,种群衰退早;不同种群的存活曲线趋于Deevey-Ⅱ型,表明各龄级的死亡率相近;随着龄级增加,种群死亡密度曲线先下降后上升,危险率函数在Ⅳ龄级后增加明显,说明环境压力对野苹果的影响在Ⅳ龄级后表现强烈;受虫害、旅游、放牧干扰影响,时间序列分析预测野苹果种群老龄个体数量增加,中、幼龄个体缺乏补充,呈现不同程度衰退。应采取人工促萌或补植幼苗,调控林地密度,控制虫害蔓延,加强野苹果种质资源保护。