Evolution of humic substances from unripe compost during incubation with lignolytic or cellulolytic microorganisms and effects on the lettuce growth promotion mediated byAzotobacter chroococcum

Some recalcitrant organic wastes, which contain a large proportion of lignin or cellulose, are not changed much by composting, and thus the effectiveness of the compost as fertilizer is usua.lly low. In this study, incubation of unripe compost with ligno-cellulolytic microorganisms —Trichoderma viride orBacillus spp. — was investigated to increase the degree of humification of the organic matter present, and improve ils quality as a soil amendment. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses together with humification indices and electrofocusing patterns were used to monitor the evolution of the humic substances during the incubation process. Plant growth effects exerted by Azotobacter chroococcum on lettuce plants growing on the previously incubated compost were affected by the length of incubation and by changes in the composition of humic substances. Higher organic matter content and better humification seem to be important factors for predictingA. chroococcum hebaviour in the rhizosphere.     

Methods for the investigation of metabolic activities and shifts in the microbial community in a soil treated with a fungicide

Samples from a sandy agricultural soil were treated with increasing amounts of a fungicide (Sportak). The effects on the soil microflora were investigated over several weeks by monitoring basal and substrate-induced respiration and basal and substrate-induced heat output. The microbial biomass, metabolic quotient (qCO₂), relative heat output (rqheat), lag phase of substrate use, and calorimetric: respirometric ratio were used as ecophysiological parametèrs. As structural and community-specific parameters, we recorded tryptophan contents and auxin metabolism, and calculated the ratios of fungal to bacterial respiration by antibiotic inhibition of substrate-induced respiration. Sportak either inhibited or stimulated the microbiota, depending on the length of exposure to the fungicide and the amount applied. Mineralization of dead biomass was reflected in increased soil tryptophan contents after the Sportak application. A shortened lag phase demonstrated inhibition and a prolonged lag phase stimulation of substrate use. This changed with the experimental phase. The rqheat and the calorimetric: respirometric ratio proved to be suitable parameters for the detection of stress metabolism (repair processes) in soil microbiota, because thermodynamic processes and catabolic and anabolic metabolism are taken into account at the same time. Following the application of Sportak, indole 3-acetic acid biosynthesis decreased while indole-3-ethanol biosynthesis increased, probably as a result of a transitional community shift from K-strategists towards r-strategists. It was not the fungicide but the formulation (mainly xylol) that damaged the organisms. A shift in the ratio of fungi to bacteria was also observed, suggesting that the bacteria were probably more sensitive to xylol than the fungi.     

Microbial and enzyme activity in soils amended with a natural source of easily available carbon

The addition of sugar beet to soils as a source of C led to an increase in the availability of easily utilizable C (glucose), which in turn markedly increased numbers of soil bacteria and of the yeast Williopsis californica. Nitrification, P solubilization, urea hydrolysis (and the subsequent nitrification of liberated NH _inf4 ^sup+ ) were stimulated by this amendment. The stimulation of nitrification may have been a result of increased heterotrophic nitrification. In contrast, the concentration of sulphate in S^o-amended soils declined following amendment, presumably as the result of enhanced S immobilization. Activity of the enzymes amylase, aryl sulphatase, invertase, phosphatase, dehydrogenase, and urease were all stimulated by the sugar beet amendment. These results suggest that sugar beet amendment could be used to increase the rate of release of plant-available ions from fertilizers such as insoluble phosphates. Problems may arise, however, from a subsequent increase in nitrification and reduced sulphate availability.     

新型生物制剂“易丰收”对大豆产量促生效应及根际微生物影响研究

通过大豆‘辽豆20’盆栽试验,研究新型生物制剂“易丰收”对大豆的促生效应以及对根际微生物的影响,并结合芸薹素内酯、复合肥料与其进行对比。此文调查了大豆株高、茎粗、根瘤数等生长指标以及产量构成因素,另外还有根际细菌、放线菌和真菌数量。通过SPSS 13.0统计软件分析数据,可以得出结论。“易丰收”较之芸薹素内酯,更能明显促进大豆的生长发育和产量,显著提高大豆根瘤数量,增加根际细菌数量,尤其配合肥料效果更好。     

氟磺胺草醚降解菌的分离鉴定及生长特性研究

氟磺胺草醚广泛应用于大豆田防除阔叶杂草,其长残留问题十分严重,微生物降解是解决氟磺胺草醚残留问题的有效途径。利用高压富集的方法,从长期施用氟磺胺草醚的田间土壤中,分离筛选出6株能够以氟磺胺草醚为唯一碳源生长的降解菌,其中一个菌株在查氏液体培养基中培养5d,对40mg a.i./L氟磺胺草醚的降解率为92.13%。通过形态特征鉴定并对该菌株18S rRNA的部分序列进行基因测序,对其在系统发育分类学上的地位加以分析,同时研究环境条件对其生长的影响。结果表明,该菌株为真菌,初步鉴定为黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus),实验室命名为TZ1985。菌株TZ1985最适生长温度为25℃,最适培养基pH值为7.0,生长最适葡萄糖含量为0.6%,生长最适氟磺胺草醚的浓度是10mg a.i./L。     

甘蓝型(Brassica napus L.)显性核不育双低油菜杂交新品种核杂 3号的选育

以甘蓝型油菜显性核不育杂合型不育株204A与恢复系83248为材料,通过杂交、自交、兄妹交和测交等育种方法,成功地转育成双低纯合两型系48AB。然后在显性核不育三系技术基础上,用纯合两型系48AB与临保系C1按核不育二系法生产全不育系(48A×C1)CA,再用该系与恢复系RH-5杂交选育成显性核不育双低油菜杂交品种核杂3号。该杂交品种不仅产量优势显著,而且双低品质优良。     

甜槠天然林优势种群的种间联结性研究

根据2×2联列表,综合运用方差分析、联结系数AC、X2统计量度量,Ochiai指数、Dice指数和Jaccard指数等测度方法,计算了周宁县天然甜槠林乔木层35个主要树种的总体联结关系、种间联结系数和X2值．研究结果表明:周宁县甜槠林的种间联结测定使用上述系列技术效果很好．运用方差分析可揭示出多物种总体联结性,X2检验表示出各种对联结的量着性程度和性质,Ochiai指数、Dice指数和Jaccard指数能够表征种对的联结程度和相伴随出现的机率．同时表明:天然甜槠林种间联结较复杂,多物种总体联结性为不显著的负相关,AC值计算出正联结种对有150对,负联结298 对,其余完全独立;X2统计量检验了595对,其中0对呈现显著的正联结,2对呈现极显著的负联结,3对呈现显著的负联结．     

显性核不育亚麻的雄性不育性研究

显性核不育亚麻的发现填补了我国亚麻研究领域的一项空白,丰富了我国显性核不育种质资源。本文对显性核不育亚麻的雄性小育机制从生理生化和遗传学等方面进行了探讨,同时对其应用进行了研究,并提出了显性核不育亚麻杂种优势利用途径的初步设想。     

家蚕显性赤蚁(Ia)的RAPD分析

家蚕赤蚁突变基因作为标志基因在遗传分析、连锁检索和基因定位研究中发挥了重要的作用。用家蚕显性赤蚁Ia品种(09-041)与非显性赤蚁品种(08-101)杂交,经F1自交,取F2代的显性赤蚁与非赤蚁个体为材料,采取混合样品分析法进行RAPD多态性分析．通过250个RAPD随机引物,分别在显性赤蚁与非显性赤蚁中获得扩增带1089条和1083条,共有220个引物在2个材料中有扩增片段,其中有8个引物在显性赤蚁中扩增出多态性特异带,有2个引物在非显性赤蚁中扩增出多态性特异带,有30个引物在2个材料中无扩增产物。实验初步获得8个与家蚕显性赤蚁基因可能连锁的RAPD分子标记,为进一步的Ia基因定位、克隆及遗传分析等工作奠定了一定的基础。     

南水北调中线水源区富营养化研究

为了给建立南水北调中线水源区长期生态研究数据信息库及生态工程规划提供科学依据,在丹江口水库建立陶岔(渠首)自动监测点,丹江库心、大石桥(入库上游)和汉江库区丹江口坝前监测点,于2004-03—2006-05对南水北调中线水源区微生物菌群、浮游生物与理化指标进行监测。按水样采集标准方法采样,采用污水生物系统法、营养状态指数法和单因子评价法对中线水源区进行富营养化程度评价。在4个监测点共采集到浮游生物94属202种(含变种),未发现水体重污染指示种。浮游植物8门67属161种(含变种),占浮游生物种的80%,浮游植物污染指示种21属24种(含变种),β-中营养型占浮游植物污染指示种38%;浮游动物27属41种(含变种),占浮游生物种的20%,包括3种浮游动物污染指示种;水源区叶绿素a质量浓度为4.25μg/m3,营养状态指数0.0001;理化检测指标中除总氮(Ⅲ类)外,其他指标均符合Ⅰ类水质标准。中线水源区为寡污型水体,处于中营养状态,符合南水北调调水水质的要求。