半自然条件下几种赤眼蜂及品系对亚洲玉米螟卵寄生能力比较

在半自然条件(田间网罩)下,将人工饲养的玉米螟卵按4、8、16块/株3个处理分别固定在网罩内的玉米植株中上部叶片上,然后每网罩分别引入供试赤眼蜂20头,24 h后更换玉米螟卵块,连续3 d。7 d后调查供寄生的玉米螟卵被寄生率及羽化率。结果表明:在半自然条件下广赤眼蜂伊朗1-1品系虽寄生能力高于其他供试品系,但到第2、3天明显降低;玉米螟赤眼蜂北京6-2-2品系每天均维持一个较平稳的寄生能力,产卵量在时间上的分配比较分散,并在第2、3天显示出比其他品系较高的寄生潜能。广赤眼蜂伊朗1-1品系的卵块寄生数量可随卵块密度的增加而增加,而其他品系则在各处理密度下,寄生数量基本没有变化;从卵粒寄生率看,广赤眼蜂伊朗1-1和吉林1-2两个品系的寄生数量随卵块密度的增加而大幅度提高,其他品系增加幅度较小。     

万佛山丹霞地貌区常绿阔叶林群落物种多样性分析

为探讨丹霞地貌区常绿阔叶林群落物种多样性,通过对物种丰富度指数、物种相对多度模型、物种多样性指数和物种均匀度指数的测度,对区域内16个常绿阔叶林群落进行分析,并与中亚热带典型地区森林群落物种多样性比较。结果表明,万佛山常绿阔叶林群落具有较高的物种丰富度,物种多样性在层次中的变化趋势为灌层〉乔层〉草层;万佛山常绿阔叶林生物多样性在中亚热带常绿阔叶林生态系统中具有普遍的意义。     

Neuroprotective Metabolites from Vietnamese Marine Derived Fungi of Aspergillus and Penicillium Genera

Low molecular weight secondary metabolites of marine fungi Aspergillus flocculosus, Aspergillus terreus and Penicillium sp. from Van Phong and Nha Trang Bays (Vietnam) were studied and a number of polyketides, bis-indole quinones and terpenoids were isolated. The structures of the isolated compounds were determined by 1D and 2D NMR and HR-ESI-MS techniques. Stereochemistry of some compounds was established based on ECD data. A chemical structure of asterriquinone F (6) was thoroughly described for the first time. Anthraquinone (13) was firstly obtained from a natural source. Neuroprotective influences of the isolated compounds against 6-OHDA, paraquat and rotenone toxicity were investigated. 4-Hydroxyscytalone (1), 4-hydroxy-6-dehydroxyscytalone (2) and demethylcitreoviranol (3) have shown significant increasing of paraquat- and rotenone-treated Neuro-2a cell viability and anti-ROS activity.     

中国长片叶蜂分类研究(膜翅目:蕨叶蜂科)

系统地研究了中国长片叶蜂属ＮｅｏｔｈｒｉｎａｘＥｎｓｌｉｎ的种类．记述４种,包括２新种：白端片叶蜂ＮｅｏｔｈｒｉｎａｘａｐｉｃａｌｉｓＷｅｉ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,凹鞘副片叶蜂ＮｅｏｔｈｒｉｎａｘｉｎｃｉｓｕｓＷｅｉ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．．建立了１个新亚属：副片叶蜂亚属,Ｐａｒａｎｅｏｔｈｒｉｎａｘｓｕｂｇｅｎｎｏｖ．．大长片叶蜂ＮｅｏｔｈｒｉｎａｘｍａｊｏｒＭａｌａｉｓｅ是中国新记录种．编制了中国已知种类检索表．     

区域物流中外来物种入侵问题研究

从区域物流发展差异视角探究物流经济发展差异导致生态环境变化,其与外来生物入侵的耦合性,揭示人类活动与外来物种入侵的一般演化规律。基于实际调查和统计资料数据,探讨中国外来物种入侵的时空变化,并进行地区之间的比较分析。利用多元回归法分析影响外来物种入侵的主要物流经济因素,并定量分析各因素的影响程度。最后,基于区域物流可持续发展的理念与战略,提出外来入侵物种的控制策略及公共管理政策,保障国家生态安全、农业生产安全、人民群众身体健康、减少农民经济损失。     

油松侧柏混交林效益及种间关系的研究

对陕西省淳化县干旱阳坡立地上，１０年生人工油松侧柏混交林的研究结果表明，侧柏属浅根型树种，根系系集中分布在０～４０ｃｍ深的土层中，而油松根系在０～６０ｃｍ深的土壤中呈均匀分布。混交林的根系在土壤剖面上，垂直分布趋于均匀。行间混交林、株间混交林均能显著提高油松、侧柏的胸径、树高和材积生长量，同时能增强土壤中磷酸酶、蛋白酶和脲酶的活性，改善土壤肥力状况。尽管株间混交林能明显改善林地的土壤水分─物理性质，提高油松、侧柏的枝叶生物产量，但行间混交林在这些方面却表现出强烈的负效应。混交林对油松、侧柏针叶中的氨、磷含量的影响，随混交方式而截然不同。     

Livestock grazing has minimal effect on the species richness and diversity of semi-arid shrubland in the Western Little Karoo,South Africa

The Succulent Karoo, one of two arid biodiversity hotspots in the world, is known for its high plant species richness, but little is known about the influence of topography and how it mediates the potentially deleterious effects of grazing. Changes in vegetation species composition, cover and species diversity were examined along piosphere gradients on northerly slopes, bottomlands and low-lying plains on 45 farms. Landscapes differed in the plant speciesand life-form composition, species richness and cover, with the more species-rich, heterogeneous grassy northerly slopes distinct from the plains and bottomlands, which were dominated by Pteronia pallens, Psilocaulon junceum and Drosanthenum spp. with more annual and ephemeral species. Overall, species richness declined linearly with decreasing rangeland condition. A weak grazing effect was detected only on the north-facing slopes, where shrubs and grass decreased with intense grazing. Years of overgrazing have resulted in the widespread dominance of P. pallens, especially on the plains and bottomlands, rendering them insensitive to grazing. The current condition of the northern slopes should be maintained and managed such that palatable species can spread to more degraded areas of the landscape.     

垂直流人工湿地出水口位置与植物种类对农村生活污水净化效果的影响

利用3 种栽种植物的美人蕉(Canna indica Linn)湿地(M)、狼尾草[Pennisetum alopecuroides (Linn.) Spreng]湿地(L)、苏丹草[Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf]湿地(S)和未栽种植物的对照湿地(CK), 研究高、中、低出水口及不同植物对垂直流人工湿地污水净化效果的影响。垂直流人工湿地进水来自常熟农业生态试验站生活污水厌氧池, 以间歇式进水方式运行, 进水水力负荷为0.15 m³·m^-2·d^-1。结果表明: 不同出水口位置对NH₄⁺-N(铵态氮)、NO₃^--N(硝态氮)、COD(化学需氧量)的去除率存在显著性差异。随着出水口位置的降低NH₄⁺-N 的去除率显著增加, 最大去除率达到98.3%。出水口位置升高NO₃^--N 与COD 的去除率则显著增加, 高出水口的去除率分别达到-47.4%和64.5%。与中、低出水口处理相比, 高出水口的TN(总氮)去除率提高22.5%~27.6%。而对TP(总磷)的去除率恰恰相反, 高出水口处理TP 去除率比中、低出水口低20.6%~28.9%。3 种有植物湿地—美人蕉湿地、狼尾草湿地、苏丹草湿地对NO₃^--N、TN、TP、COD去除率显著高于未栽种植物的对照湿地, 分别提高74.4%~98.6%、11.3%~17.8%、8.60%~16.3%与14.1%~19.0%。3 种植物湿地之间对NO₃^--N、TN、TP、COD 去除效果没有显著差异。对NH₄⁺-N 的去除效果, 美人蕉湿地显著低于其他3 种湿地。以上结果表明, 通过对垂直流人工湿地的出水口位置控制和栽种湿地植物,可以有效地改变污染物的去除效果。     

Using fishers’ ecological knowledge to assess the status and cultural importance of sawfish in Guinea‐Bissau

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