Seasonal and age effects on energy requirements in domestic short‐hair cats (Felis catus) in a temperate environment

There is little information known about the energy requirements of cats in temperature climates. Energy requirement of domestic short‐haired cats was determined using three groups of mixed gender – old kept outside (approximately 9.9 years of age; 4.8 kg; n = 9), young kept outside (approximately 3.1 years of age; 3.9 kg; n = 8) or young kept inside (approximately 3.1 years of age; 3.9 kg; n = 8). Cats were housed individually for 5 weeks during summer (18.5 ± 0.5 °C) and winter (8.5 ± 0.4 °C) and were fed a commercially available maintenance diet ad libitum. In both periods, energy expenditure was determined from the rates of ²H and ¹⁸O elimination for blood H₂O over a 12 day period, from a doubly labelled water bolus ²H₂O (0.7 g/kg BW) and H₂¹⁸O (0.13 g/kg BW) administered intravenously. During the summer period, macronutrient digestibility was determined. Older cats had a reduction (p < 0.05) in apparent digestibility of dry matter (approximately 9%), energy (approximately 8%) and protein (6%). There was a significant effect of age and season on energy intake and energy expenditure. While lean mass was affected by age and season, there was no effect of age or season on energy expenditure when expressed as a proportion of lean mass. Possible seasonal differences in nutrient digestibility may explain these results.     

磁絮凝深度处理生活污水

为改善生活污水的出水水质,采用磁絮凝技术处理经常规工艺处理后的生活污水处理厂的二沉池出水,通过单因素和正交实验,研究确定磁絮凝技术深度处理生活污水的最佳反应条件。结果表明,磁絮凝在pH为8,磁粉、PAC、PAM投加量分别为100、40、0.5mg/L,按磁粉、PAC、PAM的顺序投加,可达到最优条件。在此运行条件下,出水COD、SS、TP的去除率分别为89%、97%、74%,均能达到一级A标准。该技术中磁絮凝体沉降速度快、含水率低且可回收利用,可为生活污水的提标改造提供参考。磁絮凝技术出水水质好的原因在于磁吸引力和表面电荷的共同作用。     

中国农业现状分析

经过几十年的改革开放,我国已发展成为经济大国,但一些问题亦随之而来,现阶段我 国农业实行的家庭联产承包责任制经营,已不能满足新时代人民日益增长的物质文化需求。因 此实行新的土地制度和经营体制,把我国推向新时代农业强国的宝座,便成了现阶段推动我国 农业经济高速发展的迫切需要。     

村镇生活污水净化沼气池设计图例技术分析

通过调研,从四川、浙江和江苏收集整理了一些具有代表性的生活污水净化沼气池设计图例。该文就其中五个典型沼气装置的特点进行了技术分析,以期为这一技术的优化设计提供依据。中国这类沼气池有共性的技术特点,即均采用二级厌氧消化加后处理措施(兼氧滤池)的处理模式,但是各自在单元设计上存在差异。近期设计与早期设计相比较,采用合流型进水方式较多,同时倾向于简化处理单元。现有部分装置设计中参数选用随意性较大,填料使用有问题,这些都影响到装置对生活污水处理的效果。     

东亚和南亚固有绵羊群体X-蛋白等位基因特有频率分布的研究

本研究利用单向水平板淀粉凝胶电泳以我国5个固有地方绵羊品种包括湖羊（Hu）、同羊（Tong）、滩羊（Tan）、小尾寒羊（Han）、洼地羊（WD）为研究对象对X-蛋白遗传多样性进行了检测,并引用我国周边国家、地区绵羊品种为分析背景。结果表明以喜马拉雅山脉为界的亚洲东部和南部的北部群体和南部群体在编码的X（＋）型的显性等位基因X频率上存在极显著差异（P〈0．01）。北部检测的群体中X等位基因频率范围为0～0．18,平均值为0．0878,包括属于藏羊和蒙古羊系统的小尾寒羊（Han）、不丹羊（Bhutan）、同羊（Tong）、湖羊（Hu）、滩羊（Tan）、洼地绵羊（WD）、Bhyanglung绵羊（Bhy）、Baruwal绵羊（Bar）、云南绵羊（Yunnan）、哈拉和林绵羊（Kh）和乌兰巴托绵羊（Ub）。南部检测的群体中X等位基因频率范围为0．2037～0．4655,平均值为0．3082,包括属于印度绵羊系统的孟加拉国绵羊（Ban）、Kagi绵羊（Kagi）、Lampuchhre绵羊（Lamp）、越南占部落绵羊（Cham）和缅甸绵羊（Mya）。本研究揭示X等位基因可作印度绵羊的标记,在绵羊群体尤其是亚洲东部和南部绵羊系统形成的研究中具有潜在的重要作用。     

Ultrasonographic evaluation of renal dimension and resistive index in clinically healthy Korean domestic short-hair cats

Renal length, height, width, resistive index (RI), size of cortex, and medulla were determined by renal ultrasonography in 50 healthy Korean domestic short-hair cats. In the sagittal plane, the renal length was 3.83 ± 0.51 cm (mean ± SD) in the left kidney and 3.96 ± 0.48 cm in the right kidney, whereas the renal height was 2.42 ± 0.27 cm in the left kidney and 2.36 ± 0.28 cm in the right kidney. In the transverse plane, the renal height was 2.42 ± 0.28 cm in the left kidney and 2.38 ± 0.27 cm in the right kidney, whereas the renal width was: 2.65 ± 0.35 cm in the left kidney and 2.63 ± 0.31 cm in the right kidney. In the dorsal plane, the renal length was 3.84 ± 0.53 cm in the left kidney and 3.97 ± 0.54 cm in the right kidney, whereas the renal width was 2.65 ± 0.34 cm in the left kidney and 2.66 ± 0.33 cm in the right kidney. There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) among the same structure sizes measured in different planes. In the sagittal plane, the size of the renal cortex was 0.47 ± 0.08 cm in the left kidney and 0.47 ± 0.08 cm in the right kidney, whereas of the size of the renal medulla was 0.55 ± 0.30 cm in the left kidney and 0.50 ± 0.07 cm in the right kidney. RI evaluated by pulsed wave Doppler sonography was 0.52 ± 0.05 in the left kidney and 0.55 ± 0.05 in the right kidney. The actual renal dimensions determined by gross examination were not statistically different from those determined by ultrasonography. Furthermore the renal dimensions and RI were statistically correlated to the body weight of cats.     

聚类分析方法在研究国内贸易中的应用

本文利用 SAS 软件对1985年～1995年期间我国30个省市的国内贸易(8项主要指标)利用系统聚类分析方法中的类平均法进行分析,分析政府的宏观调控政策在国内贸易中的作用,分析结果为有关部门的决策者调查、统计经济资料提供依据,加大政府对落后地区的投资,促进国内贸易的全面发展有着重要的作用。     

Review of African swine fever outbreaks history in South Africa: From 1926 to 2018

The article reviews the outbreaks and distribution of African swine fever (ASF) in South Africa since the first probable outbreak that occurred in the Koedoesrand Ward in 1926. Retrospective data on the ASF outbreaks in South Africa were obtained from the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) disease database and the South African veterinary services annual reports in addition to published articles and online sources. South Africa has experienced many outbreaks that can be divided into 2 time periods: the period before the development of the OIE diseases database (1993) and the period after. More than 141 outbreaks of ASF were reported during the first period. Since the development of OIE disease database, 72 outbreaks directly involving 2968 cases, 2187 dead and 2358 killed pigs mainly in smallholder pig farms were reported. The median number of cases for a given ASF outbreak is 17, but in 50% of outbreaks no pigs were killed for prevention. The most important ASF outbreak was reported in April 2014 in the Greater Zeerust district (North West province) involving 326 cases and 1462 killed pigs. However, the outbreak with highest mortality involving 250 pigs was reported in 2016 (Free State province). According to phylogenetic analysis, nine p72 genotypes (I, III, IV, VII, VIII, XIX, XX, XXI and XXII) have been identified in South Africa. Season-wise, more outbreaks were recorded during summer. It was also observed that the OIE disease database could contain errors that would have been introduced through compiled forms at country level. Spatiotemporal studies on ASF outbreaks in South Africa are therefore required in order to assess statistically and quantitatively the clustering of outbreaks over space and time.     

台湾农村生活废水之水质特性及其影响研究

本研究之目的乃以桃园灌区农村生活废水为对象,调查其水质特性受季节变化之影响等,并与桃园大圳第二支线上游之灌溉水质进行比较。结果显示,农村生活废水的各项水质浓度与社区户数间并没有一致性存在,而是与社区规划、社区生活形态有关。其中,若因洗车、花园浇灌水等的稀释作用较小时,社区生活废水的化学需氧量约为 159～563mg/L、总氮 15～68mg/L,总磷 0.6～5.7mg/L。在季节变化的影响方面,发现生活废水中的 pH值乃随雨季初期→中期→末期而逐渐降低;电导度、生化需氧量、有机氮、凯氏氮及总氮的平均污染浓度则随雨季初期→中期→末期的顺序而升高;至于化学需氧量、氨氮、硝酸盐氮、亚硝酸盐氮及总磷,是以雨季中期之污染值最高。最后,研究指出,农村生活废水的污染浓度非常高,其中,电导度是桃园大圳第二支线上游灌溉水质的 2.2倍,化学需氧量为 22.5倍,生化需氧量 45.6倍,氨氮 2.2倍,有机氮 122.4倍,凯氏氮 44.0倍,亚硝酸盐氮 2.4倍,总氮 14.3倍及总磷 128.3倍。因此,若不慎将生活废水排入灌溉水道,将严重影响灌溉水的品质。     

无回流生物滤床净化槽脱氮效果的研究

构建一种脱氮的无回流生物滤床家庭生活污水处理一体化净化槽,研究其处理效果;改变各区内的曝气形式,形成A/O/A/O的脱氮工艺,通过测定各区COD、NH+4-N、NO-3-N和TN的浓度变化,考察其处理效果。结果表明:随着净化槽各区生物滤床的加入,反应器抗冲击性增强,处理效果明显提高。但A/O/A/O系统中第二级厌氧过程因碳源不足,脱氮效果不佳,改用分段进水后,净化槽不仅运行稳定,而且取得了很好的处理效果,出水COD平均浓度12.3 mg·L~(-1),NH+4-N平均浓度2.7 mg·L~(-1),TN平均浓度13.0mg·L~(-1),均达到国标(GB 18918—2002)一级A标准。A/O/A/O生物滤床新型净化槽不仅在结构上形成一体化,而且由于生物滤床的使用,不需要污泥回流,节省能耗,通过分段进水可以实现过程脱氮。