Analysis of the Management Policy and Comprehensive Benefit of Agriculture in the Rural Area: A Case Study on Pujiang County, China

To solve the problems of the poverty in rural areas and raise the output efficiency of agriculture, policy is the primary factor. Guiding by good policies, the design of agricultural structure and management technology are the two main technical supports for agricultural development. The authors apply the model to determine the consequences of four so-called poverty alleviation strategies： （i） intensification of production, （ii） diversification of livestock production, （iii） land expansion, and （iv） an exit from agriculture, with a set of regional poverty and biodiversity indicators. Diversification seems to be the most promising poverty reduction strategy, but requires an efficient use of animal manure in cropping systems to avoid environmental problems. Improved nutrient management in cropping systems is effective in reducing the regional nitrogen surplus, but less effective in increasing per capita income. The exit strategy is beneficial for reducing poverty and achieving biodiversity goals, but may have important social consequences, which are not addressed in this study. Further reduction of rural poverty is hampered by labor constraints during the harvesting period of high value crops, such as vegetables and fruits, which calls for research and development in the field of agricultural mechanization.     

人类活动对农业生态生物多样性的影响

调查了廊坊地区有文献记载的主要动物种类25a间的变化情况。结果发现,多数动物种群数量不断减小,有些种类甚至面临严重的生存危机。分析了人类活动和农村生产生活对农业生物多样性产生的重要作用。     

品牌价值与乡镇企业相关多元化的价值均衡分析

当前,中国市场经济处于深化阶段,乡镇企业步入“二次创业”时期———越来越多的乡镇企业开始进行多元化经营。品牌是消费者选择商品的重要根据之一,正发挥越来越重要的作用。乡镇企业应充分利用自身的品牌价值涉足相关产业,以品牌优势提升市场相关多元化的成功率。运用公司战略的价值均衡分析方法,引入品牌效应因素,通过分析其与企业能力、市场费用之间相互影响、相互制约的变化关系,建立动态价值预期模型。并在此基础上,通过案例分析,揭示乡镇企业涉足相关多元化的最佳时机,以此证明该模型是可行和可信的。     

乡村旅游对西部山区农户贫困脆弱性的影响

在推动脱贫攻坚与乡村振兴战略有效衔接的背景下,探讨乡村旅游对农户贫困脆弱性的影响,对促进精准脱贫政策优化和衔接乡村振兴具有重要意义。基于贫困脆弱性理论,利用陕西省22个旅游扶贫村农户调查数据,运用扩展回归模型（ERM）,分析农户参与乡村旅游和贫困脆弱率状况,探讨乡村旅游对西部山区农户贫困脆弱性的影响效应及机制。结果表明,样本地区参与旅游农户贫困脆弱率为29.58%,低于非旅游参与户。参与旅游能够显著降低农户贫困脆弱性,与未参与时相比降低了13.7%。4A级及以上景区带村、受到旅游精准帮扶农户参与旅游降低脆弱性、防止未来贫困的效应显著,不同旅游参与形式中旅游经营的降脆效应更大。乡村旅游通过提升家庭收入水平降低家庭未来陷入贫困可能性,但经营性收入的不确定性成为加剧脆弱性的风险隐患,工资性收入对缓解贫困脆弱性无显著正向影响;在西部山区旅游兼业普遍状况下,生计多样化起到一定调节作用,其中兼顾传统农业强化了参与旅游对贫困脆弱性的减缓效果。因此,为保障旅游减贫成效持续巩固,提出要正视乡村旅游产业本身的脆弱性和收益不确定性,推动西部地区旅游产业长效发展,统筹兼顾普惠性旅游扶贫政策和精准帮扶措施,加强农旅融合与利益联结等建议。     

Cover crop identity determines root fungal community and arbuscular mycorrhiza colonization in following main crops

Cover crops (CC) can promote nutrient retention and recycling for main crops yet may also promote soilborne pathogens or suppress beneficial root symbionts such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). We investigated how root fungal communities of main crop are affected by preceding CC monocultures and mixtures and by main crop identity. We expected that AMF abundance and diversity in main crops are promoted by AM-host CC, and suppressed by non-AM-host CC, and that mixtures of CC species can promote beneficial and suppress pathogenic root fungi. Our full-factorial field experiment comprised crop rotation in sand soil with different CC treatments (monocultures of radish [AM non-host], ryegrass, clover, vetch [AM hosts], mixtures of radish + vetch, ryegrass + clover and fallow) and two main crops (oat and endive). At peak crop growth, we investigated the root fungal communities in the main crops using microscopy and high throughput sequencing (Illumina MiSeq). Cover crop identity was of prime importance and CC legacy overruled main crop identity in determining root fungal communities in main crops. Compared with fallow, CC with ryegrass increased AMF colonization and richness in both main crops and of non-AMF in oat. Legacies of ryegrass, ryegrass + clover and vetch resulted in distinct root fungal communities in the main crops, while the legacy of CC with radish were similar to the legacy of fallow. Root fungal community in crops after clover had highest abundance of representative fungal pathogens in contrast with the other CC treatments that resulted in fungal communities where pathogens were scarce. Oppositely to expected, CC mixtures did not enhance fungal symbionts or suppressed pathogens. Overall, fungal communities in roots of the main crops in our field experiment were determined by the preceding CC species in monoculture, rather than by the CC AMF preference or functional group. This research highlights that the choice of CC determines the root fungal community in main crop which may influence crop quality.     

英语语言的复杂性及其与文化的关系

语言的复杂多样化是普通语言释义的实际表现形式，并且被认为是与语言使用者和语言使用的环境相关。语言与文化是一同发展和进化的，文化导致了对语言的不同解释和反应，其影响是深远的，在它们的整个历史中，二者一直相互依赖。     

Agricultural Diversification in Indian Punjab: An Assessment of Government Intervention Through Contract Farming

This article examines the role of the Indian Punjab government in addressing agricultural diversification through contract farming. It also analyzes prospects of diversification for the Punjab state employing the 59th Round of NSSO unit-level data. The findings suggest lack of policy effectiveness for diversification in terms of market institutions and prices which has failed to fetch better crop incomes for the diversified farm households. The analysis of the latest Punjab Contract Farming Act 2013 raises questions about the interventionist approach of the government. The insights from this article suggest that the government needs to strengthen infrastructure, marketing and pricing structure, and identify region-specific crops for diversification.     

The coppice-with-standards silvicultural system as applied to Eucalyptus plantations — a review

We review the management of Eucalyptus species under a coppice-with-standards （CWS） silvicultural system. CWS management results in product diversification, permitting production of small and large scale timber from the same stand. Eucalyptus species are suitable candidates for CWS management because： there are large worldwide plantation areas, sprouting capacity is high, and eucalypts are multipur- pose species. We discuss （1） short rotation Eucalyptus coppice manage- ment for energy and pulping and （2） Eucalyptus seedling management for solid wood products. We review the literature and discuss experi- ences with Eucalyptus managed under the CWS system. We also assess projects dealing with Eucalyptus coppice management, stand density regulation, pruning, and stand and wood quality. The growth environ- ment of the standard trees （heavy competition up to the first harvest, free growth afterwards） coupled with long rotations （〉20 years） results in high quality logs for solid wood products. Early pruning should be ap- plied to enhance wood quality. We propose a system for the silvicultural management of Eucalyptus under the CWS system, elaborating on the consequences of initial planting density, site productivity, and standard tree densities as well as timing of basic silvicultural applications.     

我国亚麻种质资源的研究与评价利用

本文介绍了我国亚麻生产、种质资源的分布特点、生态类型、搜集保存、鉴定评价以及种质资源的利用创新成果。     

An Empirical Study on the Relationship between Diversification and Economic Performance of Listed Corporations of China

It is crucial for corporations to select a proper development mode in competitive market. Diversification has been one of the most popular development modes that corporations all over the world pursued since 1960's. The relationship between diversification and economic performance is also an important subject for the research in strategic management. This paper re-examines the economic performance of China listed corporations and designs the measure index system of diversification strategy and economic performance. Moreover, it adopts empirical study on the relationship between them through the approaches such as regression model, variance analysis. It attempts to seek for the diversification development mode fit for China corporations so as to enhance economic performance.