Assessment of the aquaculture subsystem in integrated agriculture–aquaculture systems in Northeast Thailand

A survey of integrated agriculture–aquaculture systems (IAAS) was carried out in four different agroecologies, an irrigated and three rainfed agroecologies (drought‐prone, rainfed lowland and rolling land), in Northeast region of Thailand, of tropical wet:dry climate. Fish culture system of IAAS varied with agroecology but not with the length of farmers' experience in IAAS farming. The size of pond holdings in the rainfed lowland agroecology was estimated to be significantly smaller (P≤0.05) than in the three other agroecologies. The highest average extrapolated gross fish yield of 2.3 tonnes ha^?1 was recorded in the irrigated agroecology and this was significantly higher (P≤0.01) than in the three rainfed agroecologies: drought‐prone (1.1 tonnes ha^?1), rainfed lowland (0.5 tonnes ha^?1) and rolling land (0.4 tonnes ha^?1). Higher fish yield in the irrigated agroecology was associated with longer stocking period and higher amount of pond inputs. Average income of IAAS households from fish also varied across agroecology in a fashion that was noted for yields. However, the farm pond played a pivotal role in the diversification of the farming system in rainfed agroecologies, as it was essentially the only source of water supply for fruit and vegetables production. While fish culture in all agroecologies was a low‐input system, intensification through fertilization of ponds with chemical fertilizers can be envisaged to increase fish production in IAAS in Northeast Thailand.     

基于统计资料的桑园碳汇估算模型的构建——以四川省为例

针对当前桑园基础资料相对缺乏而限制了桑园碳汇评估的客观现实,本研究以统计资料较为完整的蚕茧产量数据为基础,在假设四川地区所有桑园都采用片叶育进行养蚕的前提下,提出了基于统计资料的桑园碳汇估算模型（mulberry garden carbon sequestration estimation model,MCSD,以下简称：本研究模型）。本研究以森林生态系统碳储量计量指南的灌木模型（shrub model of the forest ecosystem carbon storage measurement guide,SMFC,以下简称：对照模型）为对照,对比了两者在计量2000—2018年四川省桑园桑树碳汇贡献的差异。结果发现：（1）本研究模型估算出四川桑园桑树年均碳密度为10.13 t/hm²,折算出四川桑园2018年碳储量为142.39万t。（2）桑叶和桑枝作为桑园碳汇的主要来源,其碳汇量分别占桑园总碳汇量的44.44%和26.65%。（3）以2000年为基准,本研究模型估算出2000—2018年间四川桑园的碳储量累积达1636.25万t。（4）到2018年,桑叶和桑枝的累积碳汇贡献分别占比60.94%和36.55%。（5）而对照模型的计算结果比本研究模型低了10.73%,且未考虑桑叶收获年和收获量的问题,不能全面地反映桑园的累积碳汇贡献。桑园碳汇评估是实现中国“碳达峰”和“碳中和”目标不可或缺的一个重要内容,本研究结果对于未来标准化评估中国不同地域不同利用方式下桑园生态系统碳汇效应提供了参考。     

中国燃料乙醇生产用原料的多元化探索

该文分析了中国燃料乙醇生产原料多元化的必要性,阐述了可用于燃料乙醇生产的淀粉质、糖质和纤维质3大类非粮原料的种类、性质、利用及研究现状,对这些非粮原料的种植情况、燃料乙醇生产性能等进行了对比分析,归纳了中国非粮原料用于生产燃料乙醇时所存在的问题,提出了相应的解决对策,最后对中国可用于燃料乙醇生产的非粮原料的供应前景作出了展望.     

村级治理主体互动关系研究

村级治理主体的多元化是必然趋势,政府、自治组织、经济组织、社会性组织、宗族势力、村民等都成为村级治理的主体。在梳理治理理论的历史沿革与村级治理研究成果的基础上,分析了村级治理多元主体角色与功能,并总结了各治理主体的转型路径,提出了各主体间的良性互动是完善村级多元化治理体制的重要前提。     

Advocating a need for suitable breeding approaches to boost integrated pest management: a European perspective

Currently, European farmers do not have access to sufficient numbers and diversity of crop species/varieties. This prevents them from designing cropping systems more resilient to abiotic and biotic stresses. Crop diversification is a key lever to reduce pest (pathogens, animal pests and weeds) pressures at all spatial levels from fields to landscapes. In this context, plant breeding should consist of: (1) increased efforts in the development of new or minor crop varieties to foster diversity in cropping systems, and (2) focus on more resilient varieties showing local adaptation. This new breeding paradigm, called here ‘breeding for integrated pest management (IPM)’, may boost IPM through the development of cultivars with tolerance or resistance to key pests, with the goal of reducing reliance on conventional pesticides. At the same time, this paradigm has legal and practical implications for future breeding programs, including those targeting sustainable agricultural systems. By putting these issues into the context, this article presents the key outcomes of a questionnaire survey and experts' views expressed during an EU workshop entitled ‘Breeding for IPM in sustainable agricultural systems’. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

乡村振兴政策对粮食生产的保障作用与路径分析

乡村振兴政策是中国响应农业与农村挑战、促进农业农村现代化的重要战略。本文深入探讨了乡村振兴政策的背景、内容、目标及其对粮食生产保障作用的深远影响。政策着力于提升农业生产效率、确保粮食安全、推动农村经济多样化和生态文明建设,同时通过财政、税收优惠、科技推广、土地管理与农业产业化等多维度措施,全方位促进农业现代化和乡村振兴。这些措施不仅提高了粮食生产能力,还优化了农业生产结构,增强了农业的可持续发展能力,为农村经济的发展提供了牢固的支撑。     

粮食主产区典型镇域的农业系统变化与农户生计韧性评价——以河南省高杨店镇为例

为探寻粮食主产区农业系统韧性和农户生计韧性提升的路径，以传统农区河南省高杨店镇为例，分析不同阶段农业系统的适应性循环过程及变化特征，采用CRITIC-TOPSIS法定量评价不同类型农户生计韧性，并揭示农业系统韧性与农户生计韧性的关联机制。结果表明： 20世纪50年代以来，高杨店镇农业系统经历了两个完整的适应性循环，从自给自足的小农经营逐步过渡到规模化经营和新型农业经营主体培育阶段，农户生计逐步多样化。气候变化、制度变革、政策响应、工业化和城镇化以及技术革新是农业系统适应性循环演进的主要驱动力。根据农户收入来源及其占比，研究区农户生计类型可划分为种养殖型、工资保障型、自主创业型、社保依赖型、兼业均衡型5种，且不同类型农户的生计韧性存在显著差异。农户生计分化受到农户自主发展能力与国家政策、市场力量、社会关系等内外部力量共同驱动。农业系统韧性和农户生计韧性存在尺度嵌套和相互影响，当农户生计韧性累积到一定程度即表现为农业系统整体的韧性。     

农业工程类研究生国际化培养模式探索与构建

在国际合作日益增强的背景下,探索和构建符合当前农业发展趋势的农业工程类研究生国际化培养模式至关重要。本文结合国际化和农业现代化的发展特点,通过对国内外人才培养具备的特点的探索和总结,提出了以目标为导向的研究生培养体系和符合国际化背景下的农业工程类研究生培养模式。依托农业工程学科的学科特色以及国际合作日益加强的优势,为农业工程类研究生的国际化培养提供先进可靠的参考与借鉴。