新农村建设中农户的居住生活变化及其生计转型

农户生计问题是政府和学界关注的焦点.采用参与式农村评估法,对新农村建设热点区域邛崃市的典型村进行了实地调查和分析,结果发现:①农村居民点是一个与农户生计息息相关的多功能复合单元.②新居建设改善了农户的居住区位和生活条件,但功能趋于单一化;按照城市的居住生活习惯设计新居的功能结构,导致农村居民点用地大幅减少.③土地整理新增耕地和因迁建而得的新居房产,是农户新获取的重要物质资产;利用掌握的社会资产寻找非农就业机会、拓展就业渠道对农户改善生计至关重要.由于普遍缺乏高质量的人力资产,农户实现生计多样化仍要克服许多困难;随着庭院经济的没落,农户生活资料的市场依赖性日趋增大,传统的家庭农具面临贬值、淘汰;在物质资产减少、家庭负担加重、收入缺少增长的处境下,政府的金融性资产支持难以促进农户金融资产的增长.④居住生活方式和生计资产的变化直接或间接地引起农户生计转型,呈现"正面的非农化"和"负面的非农化"两种趋向.⑤新农村建设照搬城市的居住生活方式对农户缺乏现实意义,可能背离了此项决策的初衷.建议地方政府依据农户的家庭状况和发展需求,分类指导,设计不同的政策细节,为农户创造适宜的发展机会.     

蚕桑多元化发展新方向——生物防治

蚕桑多元化发展是产业发展的方向,现主要集中于蚕桑资源综合利用,产业附加值低,产业水平亟待提高。生物防治的安全性、高技术含量和高附加值为产业的壮大提供了广阔市场前景。柞蚕卵繁育寄生蜂技术较为成熟,已经大量生产和推广。利用蚕桑副产物生产生物农药,开展生物防治,可成为蚕桑多元化发展的新方向。     

Shifts in Cropping System and Its Effect on Human Nutrition: Case Study from India

SUMMARY

More than twenty cropping systems are practiced in India. Rice-wheat and rice-rice are the major cropping systems practiced in an estimated 120 districts and 50 districts of the country, respectively. The rice-wheat cropping system (RWCS) of the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) region of South Asia (Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan) is the creation of the agricultural green revolution. Higher production of rice and wheat was necessary to meet the calorie needs of an increasing population in this region; as a result, the percent of malnutrition amongst children and adults decreased during the green revolution era. However, in recent years, there has been a reduction in both the rate of malnutrition decline and of the partial and total factor productivity of the RWCS in India. One of the many reasons for the decreased rate of malnutrition decline is micronutrient deficiency. Malnutrition amongst children and adults is a silent emergency in South Asia, including India. This review compares the food consumption habits, nutritional status, and cropping system practiced for different states of India to provide reasons for shifting the rice-wheat cropping system through crop diversification. Diversification of the RWCS will increase the supply of legumes and vegetables, help to diversify the diets consumed, and increase micronutrient intake. This approach is important for a largely vegetarian population of India, and is therefore, considered to be one of several important Food Systems strategy to address the silent emergency of malnutrition in the region.     

Pasture or permanent crops after slash-and-burn cultivation? Land-use choice in three Amazon colonies

Land use was examined in three settlements – Pedro Peixoto in Acre and Theobroma in Rondonia, Brazil, and Pucallpa, in Peru. Research aimed at characterizing the differences in land use after initial slash-and-burn, and presenting hypotheses to assess the feasibility of improved land uses. Settlers in the Amazon practice slash-and-burn agriculture in forest lands to produce annual crops. After cropping, lands are converted to pasture, or planted with perennial crops, or fallowed in anticipation of future annual crop production. Land use after slash-and-burn cultivation in forest lands differed among the colonies examined. Whereas colonists in Pedro Peixoto converted lands to pasture for cattle production, settlers in Theobroma adopted a strategy encompassing both dual-purpose (milk and meat) cattle and perennial crop production. The more heterogeneous settlers in Pucallpa, who included small-scale cattle ranchers and riverine and forest slash-and-burn farmers, gave more importance to perennial crops. Hypotheses are suggested regarding the described land use differences, and implications for the adoption of agroforestry are discussed. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Towards the development of a standardized method to monitor lakeshore hydromorphological restoration measures

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Barnacle culture: background,potential and challenges

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Soil Chemical and Biological Activities under Vegetable Intensive Colocasia-based Cropping System in Indian Sub-Himalayas

ABSTRACT

Lack of crop diversification with suitable vegetable-based cropping system is a major constraint in limiting the productivity and sustainability of north-western Indian sub-Himalayas. To find out a sustainable vegetable-based cropping system in this region, a three year colocasia-based vegetable intensive experiment was conducted at Hawalbagh, Almora, India in a sandy clay loam soil under sub-temperate climatic conditions. Seven colocasia-based vegetable cropping systems along with rice–wheat system were compared under recommended package and practices. The system productivity in terms of colocasia equivalent yield was highest under colocasia–onion–frenchbean (52.38 Mg ha^?1) system. Sustainable yield index was highest with colocasia–gardenpea–frenchbean system (0.86). After 3 years, total soil organic carbon (0–5%), available N (2–22%), P (–7% to 14%) and K (3–15%) concentrations were increased in all cropping systems except rice–wheat system, where negative balance of available P (7%) was observed over that of initial soil. Significantly higher soil microbial activity, soil carbohydrate, dehydrogenase, protease, acid and alkaline phosphatases activity were observed under colocasia–onion system. The results suggest that colocasia–onion–frenchbean system with higher productivity improves soil fertility and enhances enzymatic activities.     

黄河三角洲居民点建成区对土地利用格局的时空影响

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电影翻译的动态观——中国电影翻译考察

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