甘南夏河高寒草甸高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔秋季栖息地特征

2010年至2014年连续5年对甘南夏河高寒草甸高原鼢鼠(Eospalax bailyei)和高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)的分布与其地形、植被因子等进行了调查,分析两小型哺乳动物秋季越冬前的栖息地利用特征。结果表明,其秋季栖息地利用与地形和植被特征显著相关。高原鼠兔易选择坡地、半阳坡和坡中位的地形,而高原鼢鼠易选择平地、阳坡和坡底位的地形;植被盖度是影响高原鼠兔分布的重要因子。地上生物量非中等的平地是两小哺乳动物共存的主要分布地,两小型哺乳动物的种群动态与植被盖度和生物量均显著相关(P0.05);鹅绒委陵菜(Potentilla anserina)、花苜蓿(Melissilus ruthenicus)、柴胡(Radix bupleuri)和美丽风毛菊(Saussurea pulchra)4种植物多度与两小型哺乳动物的分布显著相关。     

新疆苜蓿病害种类和分布的初步研究

文章报道了新疆天山南北８个地州人工栽培紫花苜蓿上的１９种病害,其中一种病害,类似由黑白轮枝菌（Ｖｅｒｔｉｃｉｌｌｉｕｍａｌｂｏ－ａｔｒｕｍＲｅｉｎｋｅｒｅｔＢｅｒｔｈ．）引起的苜蓿黄萎病,而由束状匍柄霉（Ｓｔｅｍｐｈｙｌｉｕｍｓａｃｉｎｉ－ｉｆｏｒｕｍ（Ｃａｖ．）Ｗｉｔｓｈ．）引起的苜蓿匍柄霉叶斑病为新疆首次指导。不同地区苜蓿地的病原群体结构呈现较大差异。     

西藏山南水生和湿生植物资源及利用

在对西藏山南地区河流,湖泊,沼泽,水库沿岸的浅水区河流湿地水生及湿生植物进行了调查研究的基础上,从维护整个生态系统角度提出了利用该项资源的合理化建议。     

The population dynamics of a recently introduced crayfish,Cherax quadricarinatus (von Martens, 1868), in the Sanyati Basin of Lake Kariba,Zimbabwe

The redclaw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus is a recent introduction into Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe where it is rapidly spreading. There are, however, no studies that have investigated the population dynamics and possible ecological impacts of the crayfish in the lake. This study investigated aspects of the population biology of C. quadricarinatus in the lake. These included sex distribution, population growth and mortality parameters, probability of capture, recruitment and length at age of ge at maturity. Crayfish were captured monthly between January and December 2013 from 13 sites using opera house bait traps. Aspects of the species population biology were estimated using a fish stock assessment tool, FISAT II. A total of 3 205 crayfish were captured, of which 44% were male, 49% female and 7% intersex individuals. The asymptotic length (L_∞ = 112.88 mm), curvature parameter (k = 0.72), longevity (t_max = 4.17 years), growth performance index (? = 3.96), total mortality (Z = 2.06 y^?1), fishing mortality (F = 1.07 y^?1), natural mortality (M = 0.99 y^?1), rate of exploitation (E = 0.52) and length-at-first capture (L_c = 44.48 mm) were estimated. Fecundity averaged 503 ± 229 eggs female?1 and increased with size (weight and carapace length). Gravid females were found throughout the year but the highest proportion of females with eggs (4–10%) were found in the first quarter, whereas recruitment peaked in May and June. The smallest crayfish with eggs (48.75 mm CL) was estimated to be 1.02 years and the largest (94.82 mm CL) 2.85 years. Cherax quadricarinatus exhibited an r strategy life-history pattern due to continuous reproduction and high fecundity. In Lake Kariba, C. quadricarinatus is now well into the establishment stage of the Introduction–naturalisation–invasion continuum and spreading in the lake. Management options should thus aim at preventing further spread and reducing the population size and the potential negative impacts of this species.     

Unraveling the morphological patterns of a subantarctic eelpout: a geometric morphometric approach

Phenotypic variation in organisms depends on the genotype and the environmental constraints of the habitat that they exploit. Therefore, for marine species inhabiting contrasting aquatic conditions, it is expected to find covariation between the shape and its spatial distribution. We studied the morphology of the head and cephalic sensory canals of the eelpout Austrolycus depressiceps (4.5–22.5 cm TL) across its latitudinal distribution in South Pacific (45°S–55°S). Geometric morphometric analyses show that the shape varied from individuals with larger snout and an extended suborbital canal to individuals with shorter snouts and frontally compressed suborbital canal. There was size variation across the sampled populations, but that size does not have a clear latitudinal gradient. Only 8% of the shape variation relates to this size variation (allometry), represented by a decrease in the relative size of the eye, and a depression of the posterior margin of the head. There were spatial differences in the shape of the head, but these differences were probably caused by allometric effects. Additionally, 2 of the canals of the cephalic lateralis pores and the head shape showed modularity in its development. This study shows that the morphology of marine fish with a shallow distribution varies across distances of hundreds of kilometers (i.e., phenotypic modulation).     

新疆黑蜂基因组选择信号分析

【目的】分析新疆黑蜂(Xinjiang Black bee)与4个引进西方蜜蜂品种间的遗传进化关系,并通过检测基因组选择信号,发掘新疆黑蜂重要种质特性相关的候选基因。【方法】对新疆黑蜂、意大利蜜蜂(Apis mellifera ligustica)、高加索蜂(Apis mellifera caucasica)、卡尼鄂拉蜂(Apis mellifera carnica)、欧洲黑蜂(Apis mellifera mellifera)共5个蜂种50个蜂王个体和1个长白山中华蜜蜂蜂王(Apis cerana cerana)样本进行全基因组重测序数据分析,鉴定新疆黑蜂的单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP)标记,以长白山中华蜜蜂为外群利用邻接法构建系统进化树以阐明新疆黑蜂的进化关系,利用SNP信息进行新疆黑蜂的主成分分析、群体遗传结构分析及连锁不平衡分析;采用群体遗传分化指数(Fst)和核苷酸多样性比值(θπ)方法检测新疆黑蜂与其他西方蜜蜂群体间的选择信号,并对提取到的受选择区域候选基因进行GO功能和KEGG通路富集分析。【结果】在新疆黑蜂中共鉴...     

温性典型草原羊草光合特性对模拟放牧因素分解的响应

放牧是一种复合胁迫,包括采食、践踏、粪尿返还等因素。为明晰放牧对草原影响的过程与机制,通过刈割、人工模拟踩踏、人工粪尿添加来模拟家畜放牧过程,以羊草为例,研究了株高、盖度、干重以及羊草叶片的光合特性对放牧分解因子的响应。结果表明,采食及包含采食因子的处理显著降低了羊草的盖度、高度及干重,但提升了羊草叶片的净光合速率（P_n）、蒸腾速率（T_r）、气孔导度（G_s）、胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）,降低了羊草叶片的水分利用效率（WUE）。羊草株高与羊草叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO₂浓度、蒸腾速率显著负相关,与水分利用效率显著正相关;土壤含水量与气孔导度、胞间CO₂浓度、蒸腾速率显著正相关。相对而言,践踏和粪便以及它们的交互作用对羊草的影响比采食弱。综合可得,家畜的采食是放牧对温性典型草原羊草光合特性影响的主要因子。     

乳源外泌体研究进展

外泌体(exosomes)是一种纳米级别的细胞外囊泡,广泛存在于多种动物的组织和体液中,在各种类型的细胞外囊泡中,外泌体作为一个载体可以携带多种具有生物活性的内含物,而这些内含物的分拣是一个受调控的、非随机的过程.近年来,有研究发现,哺乳动物的乳源外泌体通过消化道被吸收后,可以促进幼畜肠道和免疫系统的发育,同时还参与一...     

中国大陆沿海地区互花米草生长特征及其对环境因子的响应

本研究实地调查了中国大陆沿海地区天津汉沽至广东雷州37个样地的互花米草生长特征,采用回归分析、地理探测器以及冗余分析,探究自然状态下中国大陆沿海地区互花米草生长特征及其对环境因子的响应。结果表明：互花米草生长特征存在显著的纬度梯度差异,株高随纬度的增加先升高后降低(P<0.001),21.44°N株高最低(54cm),36.12°N株高最高(250cm);种群密度和地上生物量随纬度的增加均呈先降低后升高趋势;互花米草具有较高的可塑性,年平均气温、一月最低气温、七月最高气温以及海水盐度是影响互花米草生长特征的主要环境因子;海水盐度在与纬度交互作用下对互花米草空间分异解释力最高(q>0.65)。自然状态下互花米草受多种环境因子调控,较强的可塑性是互花米草成功入侵的关键因素。     

鸡传染性法氏囊病河北野毒株的分离研究

采用血清学方法、鸡胚培养、病理组织学检查方法,从河北省不同年份鸡ＩＢＤ免疫鸡群中分离和鉴定了ＨＥ９３,ＨＧ９６,ＸＮ９８和ＨＱ９９ ４个毒株,４个毒株回归鸡的死亡率分别为５０％,４０％,０％和１０％,从年份上看,ＩＢＤＶ毒力有逐渐减弱的趋势。接种鸡胚并传代,前２个毒株均在第一代时鸡胚全部死亡,且出现典型的鸡胚病变,而后２个毒株,初代培养鸡胚不死亡,当传至第４代才出现大部分死亡和鸡胚病变。ＨＥ９３、