马铃薯黑痣病生防菌的筛选及防治效果

由立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)引起的马铃薯黑痣病由于常年连作和马铃薯种植规模扩大,病害发生越来越严重[1,2].目前马铃薯黑痣病的防治主要依靠农药的施用[3,4],但化学药剂的频繁使用会导致抗药性的产生、同时带来农药残留和环境污染等问题[5].从棉花根际土壤分离得到的多粘类芽胞杆菌Sx3可产生杀镰...     

基于营养竞争原理的大豆根腐病生防芽孢杆菌的筛选及其特性研究

利用营养竞争平板筛选法获得了可在大豆麦麸(SWB)培养基上快速生长并拮抗大豆根腐病菌Fusarium oxysporum和F.solani的芽孢杆菌菌株B006和B010。通过16S rDNA序列分析、形态观察和生理生化性状测定,将其鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)。田间小区试验结果表明,以种子处理(108cfu/mL,药种比为1∶60)和以麦麸为载体的固体菌剂土壤沟施(106cfu/g,用量195 kg/ha)B006和B010菌剂对真叶期大豆根腐病的防治效果分别为74.6%和63.5%,高于商品化学农药35%多福合剂种子处理的防效(P=0.05),大豆产量分别增加13.8%和24.0%。利用特异引物对生防功能基因的扩增结果表明,bmyB、fenD、bioA和srfAA基因以及srfAB基因簇的片段在2个菌株中均存在,而ituC基因仅存在于B010菌株中。对菌株生防功能基因的分析有助于今后高效菌株的快速筛选和对生防菌作用机制的研究。     

8种生物农药对草原蝗虫的田间防治效果评价

应用4种绿僵菌、白僵菌、0.3%印楝素、1%苦参碱和森得保8种生物农药对草原蝗虫进行了田间药效对比试验,以期筛选出防效较好的生物农药用于大面积推广.研究表明,0.3%印揀素、1%苦参碱和森得保防治效果显著优于其他5种生物杀虫剂,药后11 d防效均在90%以上.几种杀蝗绿僵菌油悬浮剂药后11 d防效在65%以上,白僵菌油...     

梨灰霉病拮抗放线菌L-30的筛选、鉴定及作用机制研究

采用平板对峙培养法从果树根际土壤中筛选出对梨灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)及10种常见果实采后病害具有抑制活性的放线菌株L-30,同时利用分子方法结合形态观察对其进行鉴定,并测定其对B.cinerea孢子萌发的抑制作用、对‘皇冠’梨的诱导抗性和果实防御酶系活性的影响。结果表明,菌株L-30对梨灰霉病菌的活体抑制活性达到40%以上,基于16S rDNA核酸一致性和系统发育分析及培养特性证明L-30为链霉菌属(Streptomyces)的多产色链霉菌(S.polychromogenes)。L-30稀释100倍发酵液对梨灰霉病孢子萌发抑制率为52.04%。L-30处理皇冠梨果实能显著降低梨灰霉病菌的扩展,并提高果实的过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性。     

药剂拌种对春油菜白粉病和茎象甲的防效及对油菜产量的影响

为明确不同药剂拌种对春油菜出苗率、病虫害防效及产量的影响, 本文在3种不同种植密度下, 针对春油菜白粉病、油菜茎象甲, 选择25 g/L咯菌腈FSC、600 g/L吡虫啉SC、30%噻虫嗪SC、600 g/L吡虫啉SC+25 g/L咯菌腈FSC、30%噻虫嗪SC+25 g/L咯菌腈FSC进行了拌种处理试验。结果表明, 各拌种处理对春油菜的出苗有一定的影响, 其中600 g/L吡虫啉SC、30%噻虫嗪SC、600 g/L吡虫啉SC+25 g/L咯菌腈FSC、30% 噻虫嗪SC+25 g/L咯菌腈FSC拌种对春油菜出苗的影响大于25 g/L咯菌腈FSC拌种; 600 g/L吡虫啉SC+25 g/L咯菌腈FSC、30%噻虫嗪SC+25 g/L咯菌腈FSC拌种对白粉病和茎象甲的防效均高于单剂拌种; 600 g/L吡虫啉SC+25 g/L咯菌腈FSC拌种, 对春油菜白粉病的最高防效可达59.3%, 30%噻虫嗪SC+25 g/L咯菌腈FSC拌种对油菜茎象甲最高防效可达69.2%。白粉病病情指数与春油菜种植密度呈正相关, 拌种防效随密度增加而降低, 综合产量分析, 最佳种植密度为28.5万～34.5万株/hm2。     

Marketing mix for the promotion of biological control among small-scale paddy farmers

Understanding farmers’ decision process on the adoption of biological control (BC) may help in promoting adoption. This study explored for the first time the impact of marketing mix elements (product, price, promotion, and place) on bolstering BC for the management of rice stem borer (Chilo suppressalis Walker) among rice farmers in Fuman County in northern Iran. Farmers using BC were familiar with this method primarily via village councils and rural municipality organizations (Dehyaris) and then via distributors of trichocards. Almost half of the farmers (48.3%) had weak to moderate level of contact with distributors of trichocards. All four elements (4Ps) of marketing mix (product, place, price, and promotion) were effective on the marketing of BC agents. Place (distribution) mix, followed by price mix, were the most important factors in marketing trichocards in farmers’ views. According to the sensitivity to 4Ps of marketing mix, most farmers were grouped as semi-sensitive (45.6%) and sensitive (39.4%). Overall, the availability of biological agent products in the market, the affordable price of the products, and the strong relationship of rural people with village councils and rural municipality organizations (Dehyaris) are crucial factors for BC promotion in paddy fields of Fuman.     

鄂北麦区小麦白粉病防治规程的研究

通过对湖北小麦白粉病常发区——鄂北麦区进行的２ａ观察试验表明：防治小麦白粉病的基础工作是播种期用粉锈宁拌种。轻病年１次拌种即可控病增产;中等发病年,须在拌种基础上,后期再进行粉锈宁喷雾防治１次,遗漏拌种田也可在孕穗期喷雾防治１次补救;重发病年,除拌种田须后期喷雾防治１次外,未拌种田应在孕穗期和扬花期连续进行２次喷雾防治。     

Resistance to foliage-feeding insects in conifers: implications for pest management

The ecological implications of insect resistance in conifers are rarely discussed. It is however a fairly straightforward plant-insect interaction and should be treated as such, making use of the increasing amount of information in this field. Work on tree breeding is usually carried out by silviculturalists who, not surprisingly, rarely consider the insect component of the environment in which the treess are growing. In all fairness, it must be stated that many entomologists, fail to consider the plant component of the interaction. Clonal forestry will almost certainly result in the loss of genetic variability. The use of clonal material has already been cited as a possible source for the diminution of the resistance against pests and diseases and if particular resistance mechanisms against forest pests are sought in the future the reduction in genetic material caused by clonal selection could have serious consequences. The ethics of clonal forestry have been questioned as have the ethics of biotechnological advances in the area of recombinant DNA molecules. The potential of both these techniques should be publicized and brought to the attention of the general public and the scientific community at large and evaluated. To improve our forest environment and to protect the environment as a whole, entomologists, geneticists, physiologists and silviculturalists must work together to produce better trees that require little, if any, chemical aid, be it insecticides, herbicides, fungicides or fertilizers. An increasing awareness of the environmental problems generated by large-scale insecticide applications to forest plantations, coupled with an increasingly chemophobic work-force and the difficulty in obtaining pesticide registration for use in forest environments, means that the forest industry world-wide must look to the use of integrated control measures with more diligence than has been shown in the past. Many recent outbreaks of pests and diseases have been linked with particular seed origins of tree crops. Host plant resistance as part of a suite of other proposed integrated control tools is thus an obvious candidate for development. Despite this, scientists concerned with tree improvement continue to select largely for silvicultural traits rather than for resistance to pests and disease. The different avenues open to plant breeders are examined and the potential of breeding trees resistant to insect attack highlighted. Using resistant trees as part of an integrated pest management system has five very important properties. Firstly, there is no additional pest control cost to the grower, secondly, it operates at all levels of insect incidence and not just when the pest is at high population levels, thirdly, it reduces the insect population cumulatively, fourthly it avoids toxic residues and environmental pollution and, finally, it usually interacts well with the other integrated pest management strategies in existence.     

二化螟对杀虫剂抗药性的研究进展

综述了国内外关于二化螟抗药性的研究成果,包括:二化螟的分布、危害、防治,抗药性产生和发展,抗药性机理,抗药性测定方法以及抗药性治理措施。     

Anthelmintic resistance in equine parasites - detection, potential clinical relevance and implications for control

During the past two decades anthelmintic resistance in equine parasites has been found in the group of small strongyle species (cyathostomins) and in the ascarid species Parascaris equorum. The ubiquitous nature and possible severe consequences of disease with these nematodes make them the prime targets of current worm control programmes. Traditional control strategies mainly rely on the strategic application of anthelmintics, currently represented by three major drug classes: benzimidazoles (BZ), the tetrahydropyrimidine pyrantel (PYR) and macrocyclic lactones (ML). Following decades of routine and frequent anthelmintic applications, many cyathostomin populations on horse farms in industrialised countries must be considered as resistant to BZ anthelmintics. However, to date no published cases of cyathostomin disease specifically associated with anthelmintic resistance were reported. Possibly this is due to the generally subclinical and unspecific symptoms associated with cyathostomin infections. Nevertheless, exclusive reliance on the ML drug class may increase the threat of clinical disease due to drug-resistant cyathostomins. More recently, P. equorum has been reported as having developed resistance against ivermectin and moxidectin, two representatives of the ML-class. These anthelmintics are currently the most frequently used drug class in horses. This nematode species is mainly found in foals and in younger horses due to the development of immunity following exposure to infection. Infection with P. equorum can result in clinically drastic consequences such as obstruction and/or penetration of the small intestine, the latter usually leading to death. In conclusion, on horse farms the efficacy of anthelmintic treatments should be examined routinely for each drug class. Several factors can influence the rate at which anthelmintic resistance develops; high frequency of treatment being one of the most important. Modern control strategies should therefore attempt to significantly reduce anthelmintic treatments. Several pasture and farm management practices found to be negatively associated with nematode and anthelmintic resistance prevalence will be discussed in the review presented here.