Stable carbon isotope ratios of water-extractable organic carbon affected by application of rice straw and rice straw compost during a long-term rice experiment in Yamagata,Japan

ABSTRACT

Hot-water- and water-extractable organic matter were obtained from soil samples collected from a rice paddy 31 years after the start of a long-term rice experiment in Yamagata, Japan. Specifically, hot-water-extractable organic carbon and nitrogen (HWEOC and HWEON) were obtained by extraction at 80°C for 16 h, and water-extractable organic carbon and nitrogen (WEOC and WEON) were obtained by extraction at room temperature. The soil samples were collected from surface (0–15 cm) and subsurface (15–25 cm) layers of five plots that had been treated with inorganic fertilizers alone or with inorganic fertilizers plus organic matter, as follows: PK, NPK, NPK plus rice straw (RS), NPK plus rice straw compost (CM1), and NPK plus a high dose of rice straw compost (CM3). The soil/water ratio was 1:10 for both extraction temperatures. We found that the organic carbon and total nitrogen contents of the bulk soils were highly correlated with the extractable organic carbon and nitrogen contents regardless of extraction temperature, and the extractable organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher in the plots that were treated with inorganic fertilizers plus organic matter than in the PK and NPK plots. The HWEOC and WEOC δ¹³C values ranged from ?28.2% to ?26.4% and were similar to the values for the applied rice straw and rice straw compost. There were no correlations between the HWEOC or WEOC δ¹³C values and the amounts of HWEOC or WEOC. The δ¹³C values of the bulk soils ranged from ?25.7% to ?23.2% and were lower for the RS and CM plots than for the PK and NPK plots. These results indicate that HWEOC and WEOC originated mainly from rice plants and the applied organic matter rather than from the indigenous soil organic matter. The significant positive correlations between the amounts of HWEOC and HWEON and the amount of available nitrogen (P < 0.001) imply that extractable organic matter can be used as an index for soil fertility in this long-term experiment. We concluded that the applied organic matter decomposed more rapidly than the indigenous soil organic matter and affected WEOC δ¹³C values and amounts.     

盐碱地玉米产量及土壤硝态氮对深松耕作和秸秆还田的响应

【目的】盐碱地是我国重要的土地资源,研究合理可行的耕作技术和培肥措施,为提高产量和实现盐碱地农业可持续发展提供理论依据。【方法】2014-2017年,在山东省滨州市无棣县的盐碱土上,以玉米为供试作物,连续进行了4年田间试验。试验采用裂区设计,以耕作方式为主区,分别设夏季旋耕15 cm (R)和旋耕后再深松35 cm处理(S);副区为冬季秸秆还田量,设秸秆半量还田(3350 kg/hm^2,B)和秸秆全量还田(6700kg/hm^2,Q)两个用量,以无秸秆还田为对照。所有处理的养分总量保持一致。开花后每隔10天取样1次,直到收获期,测定植株干物质和穗位叶硝酸还原酶活性。在玉米小口期、开花期及收获期,取0-100 cm土层样品,每10 cm为一层,测定了土壤硝态氮含量及累积量。【结果】各生育期玉米干物质积累量和产量在两个耕作方式间的差异不显著,与秸秆半量还田相比,秸秆全量还田处理开花期前干物质量较少,但在开花期时,已经开始赶超秸秆半量还田的处理。在收获期,秸秆全量还田处理的干物质量显著高于秸秆半量还田处理的干物质量,4年中的提高幅度为8.6%~9.7%,秸秆全量还田处理的籽粒产量显著优于秸秆半量还田处理(P <0.05)。4年干物质积累量,SQ处理平均比SB、RQ和RB分别提高2.5%~7.3%、1.6%~4.2%和7.6%~20.3%。深松与秸秆全量还田有明显的正耦合作用,秸秆全量还田与深松耕作相结合有利于籽粒产量的提高,与其他处理差异显著(P <0.05)。相同耕作方式下,4年中秸秆全量还田处理的平均硝态氮含量在小口期低于秸秆半量还田,在开花期显著高于秸秆半量还田,但在收获期又显著低于秸秆半量还田的处理,硝态氮累积量平均降低17.9%(P <0.05)。在4年中深松耕作处理的0-100 cm平均硝态氮累积量比旋耕处理的显著降低8.9%。【结论】在供试盐碱地土壤条件下,秸秆全量还田结合浅旋耕后再深松的效果最好,可提高玉米产量,减少土壤中硝态氮的累积。     

Impacts of wetting-drying cycles on short-term carbon and nitrogen dynamics in Amynthas earthworm casts

Effects of earthworm casts on soil nutrient dynamics and their responses to changing moisture availability in subtropical ecosystems remain poorly understood. This study aimed to examine short-term carbon(C) and nitrogen(N) dynamics and their interactions with wetting-drying cycles in three different structural forms(i.e., granular, globular, and heap-like) of Amynthas earthworm casts. The rates of C and N mineralization in the earthworm casts were examined under two different wetting-drying cycles(i.e., 2-d and 4-d wetting intervals) using a rainfall simulation experiment. After three simulated rainfall events, subsamples of the earthworm casts were further incubated for 4 d for the determination of CO_2 and N_2O fluxes. The results of this study indicated that the impacts of wetting-drying cycles on the short-term C and N dynamics were highly variable among the three cast forms, but wetting-drying cycles significantly reduced the cumulative CO_2 and N_2O fluxes by 62%–83% and 57%–85%, respectively, when compared to the control without being subjected to any rainfall events. The C mineralization rates in different cast forms were affected by the amount of organic substrates and N content in casts, which were associated with the food preference and selection of earthworms. Meanwhile, the cumulative N_2O fluxes did not differ among the three cast forms. Repeated wetting and drying of casts not only enhanced aggregate stability by promoting bonds between the cast particles, but also inhibited microbial survival and growth during the prolonged drying period, which together hindered decomposition and denitrification. Our findings demonstrated that the interactions between the structural forms, aggregate dynamics, and C and N cycling in the earthworm casts were highly complex.     

基于空间模拟退火算法的最优土壤采样尺度选择研究

以研究区0.5 km×0.5 km(尺度a)网格的7050个样点为基础,分别得到1 km×1 km网格的1757个样点(尺度b),2 km×2 km网格的444个样点(尺度c),4 km×4 km网格的110个样点(尺度d),以土壤有机质(SOM)为目标属性,运用模拟退火算法对4种采样尺度的土壤样点进行优化选择,确定区...     

基于多变量与RF算法的耕地土壤有机碳空间预测研究——以福建亚热带复杂地貌区为例

耕地土壤有机碳(Soil Organic Carbon,SOC)含量不仅是土壤质量的重要表征,还是农业温室气体的重要源库,而基于环境变量建立的随机森林算法(Random Forest,RF)是当前提高土壤有机碳空间预测精度的方法,但不同组合环境变量对RF模型预测精度的影响仍需深入研究。本文以福建闽东南复杂地貌区为例,以两种环境变量组合(遥感变量+气候因子和遥感变量+气候因子+土壤属性)为输入数据集,利用RF算法对耕地表层SOC含量进行模拟预测和精度对比,并与普通克里格(OrdinaryKriging,OK)插值模型进行比较。结果表明,基于全部环境变量构建的RF模型表现最佳,其模型拟合度和预测精度相较于未加入土壤属性的模型有显著提高(r提高7.95%,为0.95,RMSE下降45.13%),且对SOC空间分异信息的捕获更精确,OK模型总体预测精度最弱。利用最优模型反演得到的研究区耕地SOC含量为14.70±2.95 g·kg~(–1),东部沿海低于西部内陆。变量贡献率分析显示,除了与土壤碳紧密相关的水解性氮(N),遥感变量中数字高程模型(Digital Elevation Modecs,DEM)也是影响闽东南地区SOC预测精度的重要变量,因此,遥感变量、气候因子和土壤属性共同驱动的随机森林模型可作为闽东南复杂地貌区耕地有机碳含量空间预测的有效方法。     

基于灰度关联-岭回归的荒漠土壤有机质含量高光谱估算

为改善高光谱技术对荒漠土壤有机质的估测效果,该文采集了以色列Seder Boker地区的荒漠土壤,经预处理、理化分析后将土样分为砂质土和黏壤土2类,再通过光谱采集、处理得到6种光谱指标:反射率(reflectivity,REF)、倒数之对数变换(inverse-log reflectance,LR)、去包络线处理(continuum removal,CR)、标准正态变量变换(standard normal variable reflectance,SNV)、一阶微分变换(first order differential reflectance,FDR)和二阶微分变换(second order differential reflectance,SDR)。通过灰度关联(gray correlation,GC)法确定SNV、FDR、SDR为敏感光谱指标,采用偏最小二乘回归(partial least squares regression,PLSR)法和岭回归(ridge regression,RR)法,构建基于敏感光谱指标的土壤有机质高光谱反演模型,并对模型精度进行比较。结果表明:砂质土有机质含量的反演效果要优于黏壤土;基于SNV指标建立的模型决定系数R~2和相对分析误差RPD均为最高、均方根误差RMSE最低,所以SNV是土壤有机质的最佳光谱反演指标;对SNV-PLSR模型和SNV-RR模型综合比较得出,SNV-RR模型仅用全谱4%左右的波段建模,实现了更为理想的反演效果:其中,对砂质土有机质的预测能力极强(R_p~2为0.866,RMSE为0.610 g/kg、RPD为2.72),对黏壤土有机质的预测能力很好(Rp2为0.863,RMSE为0.898 g/kg、RPD为2.37)。荒漠土壤有机质GC-SNV-RR反演模型的建立为高光谱模型的优化、土壤有机质的快速测定提供了一种新的途径。     

玉米茎秆汁液对黄土坡面产沙速率的影响及原因分析

利用人工模拟降雨试验研究了玉米茎秆汁液对黄土坡面产沙速率的影响及其原因。试验设计了4种不同的土样处理方式（control、添加25%浓度的汁液、添加50%浓度的汁液、添加25%浓度汁液经过一个冬季的冻融降解）在4种不同雨强（25,50,75,100 mm/h）下对产沙速率的影响,分析了4种不同处理后土样的土壤团聚体、有机质跟产沙速率的关系。结果表明:（1）添加玉米茎秆汁液对产沙速率是有明显的抑制作用的,玉米茎秆汁液通过增加土壤中 > 0.25 mm的团聚体和有机质实现减沙作用的。（2）4种处理后的土样中 > 5 mm的土壤团聚体和有机质是显著线性相关的,通过了0.01的显著性水平。在各种试验雨强（25,50,75,100 mm/h）下的产沙速率与 > 0.25 mm的土壤团聚体、有机质都具有显著线性负相关关系,通过了0.01的显著性检验。     

乙醇柴油发动机的颗粒排放及其热解动力学分析

利用热重分析仪对柴油机燃用0#柴油和乙醇柴油排放的颗粒进行热重及其动力学分析。研究表明,柴油中添加乙醇有助于降低柴油机的颗粒排放。通过颗粒的热重分析得出,颗粒氧化过程主要发生水分挥发、可溶性物质氧化和固体碳氧化3个过程,其中,固体碳约占颗粒总量的70%,可溶性有机物约占颗粒总量的25%。通过Coats-Redfern法对颗粒热重数据进行动力学计算分析,得出柴油机燃用0#柴油的颗粒的活化能为130.3 kJ/mol,燃用乙醇柴油的颗粒的热解活化能为122.9 kJ/mol,两拟合曲线的线性回归系数均大于0.99。为开发高效的颗粒催化剂及柴油机颗粒捕集器选择适当的可再生技术提供理论依据。     

Changes in forest soil organic matter pools after a decade of elevated CO2 and O3

The impact of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) may be mitigated, in part, by enhanced rates of net primary production and greater C storage in plant biomass and soil organic matter (SOM). However, C sequestration in forest soils may be offset by other environmental changes such as increasing tropospheric ozone (O₃) or vary based on species-specific growth responses to elevated CO₂. To understand how projected increases in atmospheric CO₂ and O₃ alter SOM formation, we used physical fractionation to characterize soil C and N at the Rhinelander Free Air CO₂-O₃ Enrichment (FACE) experiment. Tracer amounts of ¹⁵NH₄⁺ were applied to the forest floor of Populus tremuloides, P. tremuloides-Betula papyrifera and P. tremuloides-Acer saccharum communities exposed to factorial CO₂ and O₃ treatments. The ¹⁵N tracer and strongly depleted ¹³C-CO₂ were traced into SOM fractions over four years. Over time, C and N increased in coarse particulate organic matter (cPOM) and decreased in mineral-associated organic matter (MAOM) under elevated CO₂ relative to ambient CO₂. As main effects, neither CO₂ nor O₃ significantly altered ¹⁵N recovery in SOM. Elevated CO₂ significantly increased new C in all SOM fractions, and significantly decreased old C in fine POM (fPOM) and MAOM over the duration of our study. Overall, our observations indicate that elevated CO₂ has altered SOM cycling at this site to favor C and N accumulation in less stable pools, with more rapid turnover. Elevated O₃ had the opposite effect, significantly reducing cPOM N by 15% and significantly increasing the C:N ratio by 7%. Our results demonstrate that CO₂ can enhance SOM turnover, potentially limiting long-term C sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems; plant community composition is an important determinant of the magnitude of this response.     

Short term soil priming effects and the mineralisation of biochar following its incorporation to soils of different pH

The aim of this work was to determine the magnitude of the priming effect, i.e. short-term changes in the rate (negative or positive) of mineralisation of native soil organic carbon (C), following addition of biochars. The biochars were made from Miscanthus giganteus, a C4 plant, naturally enriched with ¹³C. The biochars were produced at 350 °C (biochar350) and 700 °C (biochar700) and applied with and without ryegrass as a substrate to a clay-loam soil at pH 3.7 and 7.6. A secondary aim was to determine the effect of ryegrass addition on the mineralisation of the two biochars.After 87 days, biochar350 addition caused priming effects equivalent to 250 and 319 μg CO₂-C g⁻¹ soil, in the low and high pH soil, respectively. The largest priming effects occurred at the start of the incubations. The size of the priming effect was decreased at higher biochar pyrolysis temperatures, which may be a way of controlling priming effects following biochar incorporation to soil, if desired. The priming effect was probably induced by the water soluble components of the biochar. At 87 days of incubation, 0.14% and 0.18% of biochar700 and 0.61% and 0.84% of biochar350 were mineralized in the low and high pH soil, respectively. Ryegrass addition gave an increased biochar350 mineralisation of 33% and 40%, and increased biochar700 at 137% and 70%, in the low and high pH soils, respectively. Certainly, on the basis of our results, if biochar is used to sequester carbon a priming effect may occur, increasing CO₂-C evolved from soil and decreasing soil organic C. However, this will be more than compensated for by the increased soil C caused by biochar incorporation. A similar conclusion holds for accelerated mineralisation of biochar due to incorporation of fresh labile substrates. We consider that our results are the first to unequivocally demonstrate the initiation, progress and termination of a true positive priming effect by biochar on native soil organic C.