胡椒预处理方式对胡椒脱皮的影响

通过改变胡椒的预处理方式来解决固态发酵脱皮时间短与固态发酵脱皮白胡椒色泽差之间的矛盾。结果表明：不同条件下沸水热烫处理得到的胡椒脱皮率虽能达到100 %,但色泽不理想;而在室温条件下,经不同水处理后脱皮得到的白胡椒的色泽明显比沸水热烫的好,但脱皮率未能达到100 %;用热水浸泡预处理后的实验组不仅胡椒脱皮率能达到100 %,而且色泽也较为理想,已达到市售的水平。所以,选择胡椒脱皮的最优预处理方式为50 ℃热水浸泡20 min。     

小麦黑胚病抗性遗传研究进展

小麦黑胚病病因复杂,链格孢（Alternaria alternata）、麦根腐平脐蠕孢（Bipolaris Sorokiniana）、层出镰刀菌（Fusarium proliferatum）等多种真菌是引起小麦黑胚病的主要病原。有限的研究报告显示,小麦对黑胚病的抗性具有数量性状特征,QTL定位研究尚处于初级阶段。目前报道的小麦抗黑胚病QTLs位于1D、2A、2B、2D、3D、4A、5A、7A等多条染色体上。小麦第2部分同源群携带了较多抗病QTLs,与这些QTLs连锁的分子标记有gwm319(2B)、gwm341(3DS)和wmc048(4AS)等,但是还没有见到这些标记在抗小麦黑胚病新品种培育中应用的报道。综上所述,针对目前小麦黑胚病抗性遗传研究中缺乏准确的抗性鉴定方法和病原不清导致的QTL定位结果不可靠的问题,应在明确病原菌的情况下,采取可靠的接菌鉴定方法进行QTL定位研究并开发分子标记,以期辅助抗黑胚病株系的选择。     

普通小麦穗发芽抗性相关分子标记在RIL群体中的验证与评价

为了鉴定我国西南冬麦区普通小麦品种的穗发芽抗性,筛选能鉴定穗发芽抗性的相关分子标记,利用小麦品种川农17和新品系R146构建的重组自交系(F7:8)共135个家系作为研究材料,通过测定种子的发芽指数和降落值来共同鉴定小麦的穗发芽抗性。选择7个已发表的与穗发芽抗性相关的分子标记(Xgwm46、Xgwm269、Xgwm282、Xgwm328、Xgwm397、Xwmc468和Xgwm518)对这些材料进行PCR扩增,分析扩增片段与发芽指数和降落值的相关性。结果表明,在135份重组自交系材料中,发芽指数小于0.4的材料有21份,介于0.4~0.8的材料有86份,高于0.8的材料有28份;降落值小于250的材料有20份,大于400的有16份。标记扩增片段与发芽指数和降落值相关分析表明,7个标记中有3个标记(Xgwm397、Xgwm282和Xwmc468)与穗发芽抗性相关,标记Xgwm397和Xwmc468可作为穗发芽抗性选择的分子标记在育种中加以利用;另外三个标记Xgwm269、Xgwm328、Xgwm518与穗发芽抗性不相关;标记Xgwm46只与发芽指数相关,与降落值相关不显著,能否用作穗发芽筛选标记需进一步验证。     

黄淮流域部分小麦种质材料抗旱和品质特性的评价及筛选

为了筛选出兼顾小麦抗旱性和优良品质的小麦种质,于2012-2014年通过杨凌和永寿两个点的田间试验,对黄淮流域116份小麦种质材料的抗旱性和品质进行了鉴定。结果共筛选出抗旱小麦种质材料10份,旱地强筋小麦种质材料24份,其中,强筋抗旱小麦种质材料仅4份,即98-10-30、PB1070、新9408和XNCW3。此外,本研究还发现,有效穗数、穗粒数和单株产量在两年试验中均与抗旱系数、抗旱指数和抗旱系数的加权隶属函数呈极显著相关关系,说明有效穗数、穗粒数和单株产量可以初步作为小麦抗旱鉴定和旱地品种选育的初选指标。     

适于蛋白质组研究的大豆种子蛋白双向电泳技术的改进

以大豆种子为材料,通过对样品制备、电泳条件以及染色方法等关键步骤进行改进,在大豆种子蛋白分析研究中获得了质量较高的双向电泳图谱,为大豆种子蛋白质组研究提供一较好的实验方法.     

Use of two PGPR strains in the integrated management of blast disease in rice (Oryza sativa) in Southern Spain

Biocontrol capacity of two plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strains, against blast disease in rice paddy fields in Southern Spain was studied in three cropping seasons. Both strains (Pseudomonas fluorescens Aur 6 and Chryseobacterium balustinum Aur 9) had already shown biocontrol capacity against pathogens, ability to induce systemic resistance against leaf pathogens and against salt stress in different plant species. Bacterial treatments were carried out on seeds and/or on leaves. Strains were inoculated individually and in combination. Protection against natural disease incidence was evaluated, and rice production and quality measured in 2005 and 2006 trials. In 2004, natural disease incidence was low (between 0.1% and 0.35% of damaged leaf surface) due to environmental conditions; under these conditions, both strains significantly protected plants against rice blast. In 2005, disease incidence was higher than in 2004, reaching higher values of affected leaf surface in controls. In these conditions, each strain individually protected rice against rice blast, although the combination of both strains was the most effective treatment. All three treatments (Aur 6, Aur 9 and Aur 6 + Aur 9) reached 50% protection in panicles, with Aur 9 being the most effective. In 2006, the most effective treatment was the combination of both strains on leaves in three physiological stages, suggesting a biocontrol mediated protection. On the other hand, when bacteria were applied to seeds, disease incidence decreased up to 50%, suggesting induction of systemic resistance. Finally, a direct relation between protection mediated by the PGPR and the increase in rice productivity (mT/ha) and quality (weight of 1000 seeds and number of intact grains after milling) was found.     

影响木薯叶片蛋白质双向电泳图谱的因素分析

以木薯华南205为试材,采用苯酚抽提法提取叶片蛋白质,并通过双向电泳技术研究影响木薯叶片蛋白电泳分析图谱的主要因素。结果表明：pH 4～7的IPG胶条可提高特定范围蛋白质点的分辨率;上样量200 μg可得到较好的双向电泳图谱。本研究不仅为进一步研究木薯叶片蛋白电泳分析提供技术手段,同时也为分析木薯块根、茎和繁殖器官的蛋白质提供参考。     

Wheat grain quality under increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations in a semi-arid cropping system

We investigated wheat (Triticum aestivum) grain quality under Free Air CO₂ Enrichment (FACE) of 550 ± 10% CO₂ μmol mol⁻¹. In each of two full growing seasons (2008 and 2009), two times of sowing were compared, with late sowing designed to mimic high temperature during grain filling. Grain samples were subjected to a range of physical, nutritional and rheological quality assessments. Elevated CO₂ increased thousand grain weight (8%) and grain diameter (5%). Flour protein concentration was reduced by 11% at e[CO₂], with the highest reduction being observed at the late time of sowing in 2009, (15%). Most of the grain mineral concentrations decreased under e[CO₂] - Ca (11%), Mg (7%), P (11%) and S (7%), Fe (10%), Zn (17%), Na (19%), while total uptake of these nutrients per unit ground area increased. Rheological properties of the flour were altered by e[CO₂] and bread volume reduced by 7%. Phytate concentration in grains tended to decrease (17%) at e[CO₂] while grain fructan concentration remained unchanged. The data suggest that rising atmospheric [CO₂] will reduce the nutritional and rheological quality of wheat grain, but at high temperature, e[CO₂] effects may be moderated. Reduced phytate concentrations at e[CO₂] may improve bioavailability of Fe and Zn in wheat grain.     

茶悬浮培养细胞玻璃化超低温保存研究

为保存具有稳定代谢能力的优良茶细胞系,本文对茶叶悬浮培养细胞玻璃化法超低温保存进行了初步研究。结果表明:预培养以4d最佳,60%PVS2冰浴装载以20min最好,100%PVS2冰浴脱水处理60min最优,40℃复温解冻细胞存活率最高,采用这些参数进行完整试验的细胞存活率达到76%,初步建立了茶悬浮培养细胞玻璃化超低温保存的冷冻程序。     

宁夏小麦品种慢锈基因Lr34/Yr18的分子检测

Lr34/Yr18是重要的小麦慢叶锈/慢条锈基因,可用于小麦锈病抗性改良。为了明确Lr34/Yr18基因在宁夏小麦中的分布特点,利用STS标记csLV34对111份宁夏小麦品种中慢锈基因Lr34/Yr18的等位变异进行了分子检测,并且进行了成株期条锈病抗性鉴定。结果表明,20份材料携带Lr34/Yr18基因,占18.0%。不同来源的小麦品种中Lr34/Yr18基因分布频率不同,农家品种中分布频率最高,占90.9%;引进品种中所占比例为14.3%;育成品种中所占比例最低,仅占7.7%。含有Lr34/Yr18基因的品种对条锈病具有较好的抗性,可作为今后宁夏小麦抗锈病育种的重要抗源。