有机物-金属相互作用对重金属负载土柱中粘土矿物吸附剂再生的影响

Natural clay minerals can play an important role in crude remediation of wastewater polluted with the heavy metals (HMs) Cu,Zn and Ni.The presence and timing of addition of natural dissolved organic matter (DOM) have a significant effect on the HM removal by clay mineral sorbents.However,the influence of the presence of DOM on the remediation of the used clay mineral sorbents once saturated with HMs is largely unknown.To resolve this,clay mineral-rich soil column of varying composition,loaded (i) with Cu,Zn and Ni only,(ii) first with DOM followed by Cu,Zn and Ni,or (iii) with DOM,Cu,Zn and Ni simultaneously,was used in a set of desorption experiments.The soil columns were leached with 0.001 mol L-1 CaCl2 dissolved in water as control eluent and 0.001 mol L-1 CaCl2 dissolved in DOM as treatment eluent.During the preceding loading phase of the sorbent,the timing of DOM addition (sequential or concurrent with HMs) was found to have a significant influence on the subsequent removal of the HMs.In particular when the column was loaded with DOM and HMs simultaneously,largely irreversible co-precipitation took place.Our results indicate that the regeneration potential of clay mineral sorbents in wastewater treatment will be significantly reduced when the treated water is rich in DOM.In contrast,in manured agricultural fields (where HMs enter together with DOM),HM mobility will be lower than expected from interaction dynamics of HMs and clay minerals.     

鄱阳湖越冬季节东方白鹳栖息地选择及保护现状研究

对吴城周边的9个湖泊包括大湖池、沙湖、蚌湖、朱市湖、梅西湖、中湖池、大汊湖、象湖和常湖池的东方白鹳（Ciconia boyciana）栖息地进行了调查。在约100km的有效样线调查中共记录到72只东方白鹳个体,分布于7个样方中,其中大湖池观察到个体数量最多共37只,其次为蚌湖共28只、中湖池4只,沙湖3只。通过比较7个东方白鹳样方和随机选取得9个对照样方的生态因子变量,发现两者之间植被盖度、植被高度、平均水深和湖面宽度差异性显著（P〈0.05）。东方白鹳主要分布于水深5～40cm的沼泽地或浅水湖中。栖息地植被主要由莎草科和禾本科为主的植物群落组成,平均植被盖度为（13.06±22.87）%,平均植被高度为（4.51±4.03）cm。决定东方白鹳分布的环境因子为平均水深,其主要分布于水深5～40cm的区域。根据走访调查发现对东方白鹳野生种群威胁因素包括偷猎、放牧、餐饮业和捕鱼业等。     

恩施市松材线虫病扩散规律研究

利用恩施市历年的松材线虫病除治资料,对该疫区松材线虫病的扩散趋势和发生规律进行了初步分析。结果表明：恩施市松材线虫病的发生范围随着时间的推进,发生地块逐年增多,发生程度逐年加重,发生范围逐年向外围推移。发生面积由最初的2．54km^2扩展到900．00km^2之多,疫木数量呈逐年上升趋势。由于受到山脊阻拦,南北方向的扩散速度与范围远大于东西方向。公路沿线、河流沿岸远重于地势较高的山脊等地。在该病害除治时采用皆伐的方式极易导致环境条件较差的森林群落生境片段化。该研究为恩施市松材线虫病的除治和抑制马尾松群落片段化提供了重要的理论依据。     

我国供方贫困线的实证研究

兼顾政府的经济实力（供方）和贫困群体的实际生活状况（需方）来确定贫困线更符合我国实情。参照7个发达国家历史上人均GDP指标与贫困线之间的关系,建立5个供方贫困线预测模型。依据数据本身、我国国际地位、我国经济实力和党中央和谐社会的发展目标等原则选择一个最佳模型。若采用美国模型,2008年我国供方贫困线为年人均18972元。     

甜菜无融合生殖单体附加系M14雌配子体发育的超微结构观察

【目的】阐明甜菜无融合生殖单体附加系M14雌配子体发育的超微结构特征。【方法】以甜菜无融合生殖单体附加系M14(Beta vulgaris L.VV+1C、2n=18+1)为实验材料,利用电子显微镜技术对其雌配子体的发育过程进行研究。【结果】甜菜无融合生殖单体附加系M14为兼性无融合生殖体,二倍体孢子生殖为蝶须型(Antennaria-type)和韭型(Allium odorum-type),有性生殖为蓼型(Polygonum-type)。蝶须型为主要发育方式,超微结构特征为:雌配子体发育速度较快,从功能大孢子直到细胞化雌配子体时期,细胞器的种类与数量呈现增长趋势:细胞核核仁较大,存在核仁泡,核孔明显;核糖体数量多;线粒体的数量一直较多,从二核雌配子体出现内嵴,膜的结构变得清晰,八核雌配子体的线粒体基质呈电子透明状,细胞化后期恢复到原来的状态;质体的数量变化不大,形状多样,有的含淀粉粒;内质网呈分枝的管状或交织成索状分布在细胞核、液泡或细胞壁附近;高尔基体的数量相对较少,但在未退化的助细胞中十分丰富,活跃地分泌小泡;脂滴一直都存在,常与液泡及线粒体相互靠近;细胞化后期,绝大多数雌配子体的助细胞先后退化,极少数雌配子体只有一个助细胞退化,另一个宿存。韭型与蓼型雌配子体发育速度较慢,与蝶须型相比,直到单核雌配子体时期未见细胞器种类与数量发生明显变化。蝶须型与韭型、蓼型雌配子体仅在功能大孢子与单核胚囊时期通过是否有胼胝质壁加厚以及珠孔端有无退化的细胞痕迹进行区分。【结论】蝶须型、韭型、蓼型雌配子体发育过程中的超微结构特征差异明显,蝶须型雌配子体从功能大孢子至细胞化时期,雌配子体体积增大,细胞器的种类与数量随之增加,呈现代谢旺盛状态。推测蝶须型雌配子体在其后的发育中占优势。单核雌配子体之前依据珠孔端是否有退化细胞痕迹以及有无胼胝质壁加厚可将蝶须型与韭型、蓼型从结构上予以区分。韭型、蓼型从功能大孢子至单核雌配子体时期,雌配子体的体积以及细胞质的成熟程度均呈缓慢增长趋势。推测在其后的发育过程中大量退化。     

大白菜-结球甘蓝5号二体异附加系的选育及鉴定

【目的】获得稳定遗传的大白菜-结球甘蓝二体异附加系。【方法】以大白菜-结球甘蓝5号单体异附加系为材料,对其自交后代进行细胞学及SSR鉴定。【结果】37株自交后代中2n=22植株的比率为10.81%,通过对4个2n=22的植株进行核型分析及SSR鉴定,确定其为大白菜-结球甘蓝5号二体异附加系。减数分裂观察发现,大白菜-结球甘蓝5号二体异附加系后期Ⅰ虽然出现染色体落后现象,但在后期Ⅱ中染色体的分裂方式以11-11-11-11为主,其比率为69.55%。【结论】获得了大白菜-结球甘蓝5号二体异附加系,其外源染色体与甘蓝07连锁群相对应;该二体异附加系减数分裂形成的四分体以附加1条的染色体为主(n=11),有较高的遗传稳定性。二体异附加系的获得为研究芸薹属A、C基因组的亲缘关系,以及向大白菜中导入结球甘蓝的优良基因具有重要意义。     

以广东高州普通野生稻为供体亲本的水稻单片段代换系构建

以栽培稻品种粤香占为受体亲本,利用杂交、回交和微卫星标记辅助选择相结合的方法,构建了以高州普通野生稻为供体亲本的水稻单片段代换系群体。该群体由20个编号的9个单片段代换系构成。这9个单片段代换系分别分布在水稻的第1、2、3、10和11染色体上,代换片段长度为8.1～23.8cM,总长度为152.7cM,平均长度为17.0cM,代换片段对水稻基因组的覆盖总长度为136.1cM,覆盖率为7.5%。构建以高州普通野生稻为供体亲本的水稻单片段代换系,为发掘和利用高州普通野生稻的有利基因提供了理想的试验材料,为进一步开展高州普通野生稻的遗传研究提供了一条新途径。     

转基因抗虫核不育系及其杂交种研究进展

棉花杂交育种的主要方法有人工去雄法、核不育两系法、术关键有：制种方法有待重大突破,杂种优势有待进一步提高。杂种优势广泛利用。核不育三系法、胞质不育三系法等。棉花杂交制种要解决的技随着生物尖端技术在棉花杂交育种上的广泛利用,将促进棉花     

Construction of SSR Linkage Map and Analysis of QTLs for Rolled Leaf in Japonica Rice

Genetic analysis of rolled leaf is important to rice ideotype breeding. To detect loci controlling rolled leaf of japonica restorer lines, SSR marker genotypes and phenotypes of flag leaf rolling index (LRI) were investigated in Xiushui 79 (P1, a japonica rice variety), C Bao (P2, a japonica restorer line) and 254 recombinant inbred lines derived from the cross between P1 and P2 , and in two environments. A genetic map of this cross was constructed, QTLs for LRI were detected and their interactions with environments were analyzed. Among 818 pairs of SSR primers, 90 primers showed polymorphism between P1 and P2, and 12 markers showed highly significant correlation with LRI in both environments based on single marker regression analysis. The genetic map containing 74 information loci has a total distance of 744.6 cM, with an average of 10.1 cM between two adjacent loci. Three QTLs (qRL-1, qRL-7 and qRL-8-1) were detected with two softwares: WinQTLCart 2.5 and QTLNetwork2.0. qRL-8-1 was a new locus, accounting for 15.5% and 12.8% of phenotypic variations in the two environments, respectively. The phenotypic variation explained by additive effect was 6.6%. No interaction was found between qRL-8-1 genotype and environments.     

Comparison of Morphological and Genetic Differentiations in Filial Generation of Cross Between Indica and Japonica Rice

A recombinant inbred line (RIL) population of F8 and F9 generations derived from a cross between a typical indica rice (Qishanzhan) and a typical japonica rice (Akihikari) was used to study the difference between morphological differentiation based on phenotype characters and genetic differentiation using indica and japonica specific SSR markers, and to evaluate the relationship between vascular bundle characters and morphological and genetic differentiations. The results showed that the frequency distributions of morphological and genetic differentiations were all inclined to japonica type in the filial generation. The population was more inclined to japonica type based on genetic differentiation than on morphological differentiation. The consistent degrees of classification based on the Cheng's index, the ratio of large vascular bundle number to small vascular bundle number in panicle neck (RLSVB) and the ratio of large vascular bundle number in the second internode from the top to that in the panicle neck (RLVB) were all about 50% compared with the genetic differentiation, and the consistent degree of the total scores of the Cheng's index combined with the vascular bundle number ratios was significantly increased to about 80% compared with the genetic differentiation. Therefore, the vascular bundle characters could be used as a helpful supplement for subspecies classification.