山东南部皱纹盘鲍工厂化养殖试验研究

报道了山东南部皱纹盘鲍（HaliotisdiscushannaiIno）工厂化养殖试验研究的结果。自1995年1月19日至1996年5月19日，经16个月的培育，将平均壳长21．4mm，平均体重0．99g的幼的培育成平均壳长61．9mm（最大壳长72．0mm），平均体重28.5g的成鲍，成活率为93．2％。0．3m2的波纹权的养殖密度：鲍壳长为20．0～30．0mm时，养殖密度200～250粒为好；40．0mm以前，养殖密度150粒为宜；60．0mm以前，养殖密度50～80粒为佳。饵料以人工配合饵料为好。在鲍壳长40．0mm以前，在投喂人工配合饵料的同时，加上适量的新鲜海藻可以达到同样的增长和增重的目的。全投喂海藻增长和增重都较慢。     

Influence of 18:2n‐6/20:5n‐3 ratio in diets on growth and fatty acid composition of juvenile abalone,Haliotis discus hannai Ino

A 120‐day feeding trial was conducted to examine the effects of the ratio of dietary linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n‐6) to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n‐3) on the growth and fatty acid composition of juvenile Haliotis discus hannai (initial shell length 10.23 ± 1.48 mm; initial body weight 0.13 ± 0.05 g) in a recirculation water system. Five semipurified diets with 35 g kg^?1 total lipid were formulated to contain graded LA/EPA ratios (1 : 0, 0.75 : 0.25, 0.5 : 0.5, 0.25 : 0.75, and 0 : 1, respectively). Twenty‐five juveniles were stocked in a rearing unit, a plastic basket (20 × 20 × 10 cm), as a replicate, and there were three replicates for each dietary treatment. The results showed that abalone survival rates were generally high (90.1–98.3%) and independent of the dietary treatments. However, abalone growth was significantly affected by LA/EPA ratio (P < 0.05). The LA/EPA ratio of 0.25 : 0.75 (Diet 4) produced the highest weight gain rate (WGR, 416.3%), closely followed by the ratio of 0 : 1 (Diet 5, 412.9%), the ratio of 0.5 : 0.5 (Diet 3, 399.7%) and the ratio of 0.75 : 0.25 (Diet 2, 372.1%), but no significant differences were observed among these treatments. The abalone fed the diet without 20:5n‐3 (Diet 1) had the lowest WGR (Diet 1, 363.8%), which was significantly lower than that of Diet 4. Fatty acid profiles in abalone body reflected those of dietary lipids, especially for the polyunsaturated fatty acids. The contents of arachidonic acid (AA; 20:4n‐6) in abalone tissues were positively correlated with dietary level of 18:2n‐6 (P < 0.05). Similar correlation was also observed between the level of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n‐3) in abalone tissues and the level of dietary EPA. It is suggested that abalone, H. discus hannai, have the capacity to synthesize 20:4n‐6 from 18:2n‐6, and maybe 22:6n‐3 from 20:5n‐3.     

皱纹盘鲍消化道粘液细胞的类型与分布

采用阿新兰—过碘酸雪夫氏反应 (AB -PAS)染色方法显微观察和分析了皱纹盘鲍成贝消化道粘液细胞的类型与分布。据所显示颜色的不同 ,将粘液细胞分为Ⅰ—Ⅳ 4种类型 :分别呈红色、蓝色、紫红色和蓝紫色。口区唇上皮分布有大量粘液细胞 ,以Ⅱ型为主 ,另有少量Ⅳ型 ,主要为杯形并多为大型细胞。口球上皮及齿舌囊上皮粘液细胞分布密度高 ,以Ⅱ型为主 ,Ⅳ型次之。食道前段上皮有大量粘液细胞分布 ,中段和后段粘液细胞逐步减少 ,主要为Ⅱ型。肠各段上皮均有粘液细胞分布 ,但下行肠道比上行肠的粘液细胞相对多些 ,也以Ⅱ型为主 ,多为杯形和近圆形。直肠内、外上皮均有大量Ⅱ型粘液细胞分布 ,近圆形的较多。在嗉囊、胃盲囊和胃未见明显着色的粘液细胞     

用电子鼻和SPME-GC-MS分析鲍鱼熟制前后挥发性风味物质的变化

为了揭示熟制鲍鱼主要特征气味的成因,采用电子鼻及固相微萃取结合气-质联用(SPME-GCMS),对熟制过程中皱纹盘鲍Haliotis discus hannai香气差异和挥发性成分变化进行了研究。结果表明:电子鼻能够灵敏地检测到熟制鲍鱼的香气变化,经PCA分析发现,熟制鲍与生鲍整体气味有显著差异;GCMS分析表明,熟制前后鲍鱼的挥发性成分发生明显变化,从生鲍和熟制鲍中分别鉴定出42种和61种风味物质,主要物质有醇、醛、酮、烃、酯、酸、芳香族、含氮化合物、酚类;生鲍中挥发性风味物质含量较高的为苯甲醛(68.15%)和1-辛烯-3-醇(9.22%),熟制鲍中挥发性风味物质含量较高的为2,3-丁二醇(22.80%)和(2R,3R)-(-)-2,3-丁二醇(19.84%)。研究表明,运用电子鼻和固相微萃取结合气-质联用(SPME-GC-MS)能够很好地分析鲍鱼熟制前后气味的变化。     

二倍体和三倍体皱纹盘鲍精子发生过程的超微结构

比较了二倍体和三倍体皱纹盘鲍精子发生过程中细胞和细胞器的超微结构变化。结果表明,二倍体皱纹盘鲍的精子发生经历了精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞、精子细胞和精子5个阶段。其形态结构发生了一系列变化,主要包括：核染色质浓缩、线粒体的发达与融合、顶体形成和胞质的减少。三倍体皱纹盘鲍各种生精细胞的直径和核径均大于二倍体,精原细胞结构与二倍体相似;初级、次级精母细胞的胞质中,除溶酶体外,线粒体、内质网等细胞器少于二倍体,线粒体大小与二倍体没有差别,但形态不典型,层状嵴不发达;三倍体皱纹盘鲍的精子发生停滞在精子细胞阶段,表现出各种畸形状态,很多趋于解体,没有发现成熟精子。     

光照强度对皱纹盘鲍杂交鲍幼鲍行为和生长的影响

为优化海上养鲍设施,特别是养鲍网箱结构,开展了40 d的皱纹盘鲍杂交鲍幼鲍(Haliotis discus hannai♀×Haliotis discus discus♂)在0 Lx(暗光照)、0~500 Lx(弱光照)、0~6 500 Lx(强光照)3组不同光照强度下的生长与活动试验。结果显示,壳长(4.86±0.17)cm、体重(15.08±1.07)g的幼鲍,壳长平均日增长和体重平均日增长分别为(0.014 1±0.003)cm/d和(0.054 9±0.011)g/d(暗光组)、(0.008 3±0.003)cm/d和(0.046±0.013)g/d(弱光组)、(0.007±0.001)cm/d和(0.028 4±0.016)g/d(强光组),二者均与光照强度呈反比,且光照对鲍壳生长的影响大于对质量的影响。暗光照环境下,幼鲍活动时间提前30 min,活动时间增加0.5~1 h,且进食量大、进食速度快。研究表明,强光照会对鲍形成光压抑的生活环境,影响鲍的正常行为与生长。海上养鲍应根据鲍对光照刺激的反应,选择适宜的水层,并优化网箱和匍匐基结构。     

不同生长期皱纹盘鲍对水温适应能力的比较

将皱纹盘鲍依壳长分为4个组群，分别为4月龄组、1龄组、2龄组和3龄以上组。比较研究环境水温对皱纹盘鲍（Haliotis discus hannai Ino）生长的影响以及不同发育阶段个体间的生长差异，结果表明，温度对皱纹盘鲍的生长影响显著，不同发育期的皱纹盘鲍对水温变化的适应能力不同。成鲍期生长适宜水温为10～22℃，水温高于26℃或者低于0℃出现死亡；壳长10～25mm的1龄鲍生长适宜水温为15～22℃，当水温升至26℃或者降至4℃时摄食量剧减，生长停滞；低于4℃则出现死亡；壳长3～6mm的4月龄鲍15℃以上开始生长，22℃生长最快。幼鲍阶段对水温变化的适应能力比成鲍弱，个体越小适应能力越弱。温度变化幅度加大时，鲍对水温的适应能力减弱。     

七彩神仙鱼Vasa基因cDNA的克隆及表达分析

源自DEAD-box家族的Vasa基因是生殖细胞的分子标记之一。本研究克隆了七彩神仙鱼（Symphysodon haraldi） Vasa基因的全长序列,并进行了不同组织的表达分析。结果表明：七彩神仙鱼Vasa 基因cDNA序列共2 370 bp,其中5''UTR占123 bp,3''UTR为279 bp,ORF编码655个氨基酸,长1 968 bp。氨基酸序列同源性分析表明七彩神仙鱼的Vasa基因与尼罗罗非鱼（Oreochromis niloticus）的同源性最高。半定量分析表明,Vasa基因在成熟七彩神仙鱼的性腺中特异表达,在其它组织中无表达信号。qRT-PCR结果显示,Vasa在七彩神仙鱼早期胚胎发育阶段及出膜后50日内均有表达。在受精卵至囊胚期阶段,Vasa基因表达持续增加,在囊胚期至孵化期阶段,表达持续降低。在仔鱼阶段,Vasa分别在25日龄和40日龄出现了最低和最高表达量。繁殖前后比较发现,繁殖前的精巢组织中Vasa表达量比繁殖后的表达量低,而卵巢恰好相反。本研究结果可为研究七彩神仙鱼的性分化、生殖细胞分子标记及其发育提供参考。     

皱纹盘鲍血细胞的亚显微结构及分类研究

通过对皱纹盘鲍血细胞的超微结构的观察，将其血细胞分成5种类型：大颗粒细胞、小颗粒细胞、特殊颗粒细胞、透明细胞和淋巴样细胞。根据胞核的形态和胞质中细胞器的结构特征，研究认为大、小颗粒细胞是同一类细胞的不同发育阶段，而特殊细胞则是大、小颗粒细胞的原始细胞；透明细胞和淋巴样细胞是两类完全分化了的细胞。     

Effect of Dietary Carbohydrate‐to‐Lipid Ratio on Growth and Carcass Composition of Juvenile Abalone,Haliotis discus,Reeve 1846

The optimal dietary carbohydrate (C) : lipid (L) ratio on growth and carcass composition of juvenile abalone, Haliotis discus, was determined. A total of 1260 juveniles were randomly distributed into 18 containers. Six experimental diets containing different ratios of C to L (49:1, 48:2, 47:3, 45:5, 43:7, and 41:9) were prepared and referred to as the C49:L1, C48:L2, C47:L3, C45:L5, C43:L7, and C41:L9 diets, respectively. Water stability of the experimental diets was measured 12, 24, and 48 h after seawater immersion. Crude protein, L and ash content of the experimental diets decreased with time. Survival of abalone fed the C48:L2 diet was higher than that of abalone fed the C49:L1 and C41:L9 diets. Weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) of abalone fed the C49:L1, C48:L2, and C47:L3 diets were higher than that of abalone fed the C45:L5, C43:L7, and C41:L9 diets. Crude L content of the soft body of abalone was directly reflected from dietary crude L content. In conclusion, the optimal dietary C : L ratio was estimated to be 48:2 and 47:3 based on survival, weight gain, and SGR of juvenile abalone, respectively. Greater than 3% L content in the diet deteriorated performance of this species of abalone.