皱纹盘鲍在转口期阶段肠道菌群结构演替研究

转口期是皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai)早期育苗的重要时期,本研究结合16S rDNA高通量测序和生物信息学技术,分析皱纹盘鲍转口前(T0)、转口后第4天(T4)、第10天(T10)、第35天(T35)和第40天(T40)的肠道菌群结构和多样性。结果显示,皱纹盘鲍T35和T40的肠道菌群多样性低于T0和T4。主成分分析(PCA)显示,T0~T4、T35~T40肠道菌群结构相似度高,T10属于转口期肠道菌群演替变化的过渡阶段。鲍转口期肠道内优势菌门为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes);优势菌属在转口期不同阶段呈现明显的变化,到后期逐渐趋于稳定。Lentilitoribacter是T0和T4的主要优势菌属;到了T10,弓形菌属(Arcobacter)和弧菌属(Vibrio)的相对丰度增加,Lentilitoribacter减少;在转口后期(T35和T40),弧菌属和Formosa则占绝对优势。LEfSe分析共获得59个生物标志物,各个组的生物标志物与其阶段的优势菌群相对应。共发生网络图结果显示,T35阶段的网络关系最为复杂,皱纹盘鲍肠道菌群之间的关系随着转口期的进行发生改变。Tax4Fun功能预测显示,随着转口期的进行,稚鲍肠道菌群所编码的基因多与代谢有关。本研究首次以微生物学的角度揭示了转口期皱纹盘鲍对饵料的适应机制,为皱纹盘鲍的健康养殖奠定了理论基础。     

密度及饵料对鲍苗生长与成活率的影响

研究了后期面盘幼虫不同采苗密度、不同底栖硅藻与稚鲍不同培育密度,对鲍苗的生长与成活率的影响。认为最佳采苗密度应为2万个／m2后期面盘幼虫;当地底栖硅藻混合种的饵料效果优于纯种,剥离后稚鲍的培育密度不直超过4000粒／m2。在640m2水面中有出壳长1．2～1．5cm鲍苗201．6万粒,平均出苗量3150粒／m2。专家鉴定认为,本课题在皱纹盘鲍不同育苗密度、不同饵料对育苗效果的研究方面居国内领先水平。     

Highly efficient induction of triploid Pacific abalone <Emphasis Type="Italic">Haliotis discus hannai</Emphasis> by caffeine treatment

ABSTRACT:   In order to develop a highly efficient method for mass production of triploid Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai , caffeine treatment that is safe and inexpensive was optimized. To suppress the first meiotic division, fertilized eggs were exposed to either a 10- or 15-mM caffeine solution for 24 min beginning at 12 min after fertilization. In most treated batches, the rates of cleaved eggs showed no significant difference from the control batches. However, in most treated batches, the rates of occurrence of normal larvae and the survival rates of the early juveniles were significantly lower than those of the controls. The triploid rates at 6 days to 11 months after settlement in all the treated batches were extremely high (91–100%). There was no significant difference in the mean triploid rates between 10- and 15-mM caffeine treatments. These results suggest that both treatment conditions were conducive to triploid abalone production. One live 2n/3n mosaic specimen was found in the treated batches. However, since the frequency of mosaic was extremely low, the mosaicism would probably not have an adverse effect on the stable production of triploid abalones.     

皱纹盘鲍消化道粘液细胞的类型与分布

采用阿新兰—过碘酸雪夫氏反应 (AB -PAS)染色方法显微观察和分析了皱纹盘鲍成贝消化道粘液细胞的类型与分布。据所显示颜色的不同 ,将粘液细胞分为Ⅰ—Ⅳ 4种类型 :分别呈红色、蓝色、紫红色和蓝紫色。口区唇上皮分布有大量粘液细胞 ,以Ⅱ型为主 ,另有少量Ⅳ型 ,主要为杯形并多为大型细胞。口球上皮及齿舌囊上皮粘液细胞分布密度高 ,以Ⅱ型为主 ,Ⅳ型次之。食道前段上皮有大量粘液细胞分布 ,中段和后段粘液细胞逐步减少 ,主要为Ⅱ型。肠各段上皮均有粘液细胞分布 ,但下行肠道比上行肠的粘液细胞相对多些 ,也以Ⅱ型为主 ,多为杯形和近圆形。直肠内、外上皮均有大量Ⅱ型粘液细胞分布 ,近圆形的较多。在嗉囊、胃盲囊和胃未见明显着色的粘液细胞     

鲍消化道及其养殖水体异养菌的耐药性研究

采用纸片扩散法对分离自福建省皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai)消化道及其养殖水体中的284株异养细菌(其中消化道菌131株,水体菌153株)进行药物敏感测试,以期了解其耐药性概况。结果显示,皱纹盘鲍消化道与养殖水体异养菌对多种抗菌药物的耐药率差异不明显,大部分菌株对青霉素、卡那霉素、庆大霉素、利福平产生耐药性,耐药率最高达83.95%,而对诺氟沙星、恩诺沙星、氯霉素耐药率较低,受试的水体异养菌对诺氟沙星耐药率为0;不同来源菌株的多重耐药(multiple antibiotic resistance,MAR)现象普遍,消化道及其养殖水体异养菌的多重耐药率均值分别为59.15%和51.31%。该研究同时发现相同分离源的菌株对青霉素、卡那霉素、庆大霉素和利福平的耐药率呈现一定的季节波动规律,消化道异养菌于9月耐药率最低,而水体异养菌耐药率在6月最低。结果表明,皱纹盘鲍消化道及水体异养菌的多重耐药率较高,耐药状况较严重。     

山东南部皱纹盘鲍工厂化养殖试验研究

报道了山东南部皱纹盘鲍（HaliotisdiscushannaiIno）工厂化养殖试验研究的结果。自1995年1月19日至1996年5月19日，经16个月的培育，将平均壳长21．4mm，平均体重0．99g的幼的培育成平均壳长61．9mm（最大壳长72．0mm），平均体重28.5g的成鲍，成活率为93．2％。0．3m2的波纹权的养殖密度：鲍壳长为20．0～30．0mm时，养殖密度200～250粒为好；40．0mm以前，养殖密度150粒为宜；60．0mm以前，养殖密度50～80粒为佳。饵料以人工配合饵料为好。在鲍壳长40．0mm以前，在投喂人工配合饵料的同时，加上适量的新鲜海藻可以达到同样的增长和增重的目的。全投喂海藻增长和增重都较慢。     

Characterisation of cell types in abalone (Haliotis spp.) tissues using immunohistochemical techniques

The increasing popularity of abalone as a seafood delicacy has led to the rapid development of abalone aquaculture worldwide. The commercial and economic importance of this industry has resulted in an increasing interest in the biology of this particular shellfish genus. In this study we focus on the identification of structural, functional and proliferative proteins in two species of abalone shellfish, Haliotis discus hannai and Haliotis tuberculata. Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies that react with proteins in vertebrate and invertebrate tissues were selected and applied to abalone tissues. Cross sections of whole animals were analysed using avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase staining protocols. In total, twenty-four antibodies were tested on shellfish tissues. Six antibodies out of twenty-four detected antigens in Haliotis spp. Cytokeratins, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), neuron specific enolase (NSE), laminin and vimentin were detected in abalone tissues. Positive immunohistochemical results were confirmed using western blot. The expression of these proteins aids in the characterisation of cell types present in abalone tissues, which contributes to a better understanding of the fundamental biology of this shellfish genus.     

亲鲍来源不同的杂交鲍生长情况比较

为通过杂交育种解决南日鲍种质退化问题以促进鲍养殖效益,分别选取2012年10月份开展的南日鲍(♀)与皱纹盘鲍大连群体(♂)、盘鲍日本群体(♂)杂交所得的苗种以及南日鲍自交所得的3种苗种,于2013年3月份在海区水质情况良好的同一渔排吊笼养殖进行对比试验,试验分为3组,每组2 500个鲍苗,试验390d左右,观察它们的生长情况,测定鲍的体长、体重,分别统计每组鲍的数量。结果表明:分苗前,杂交鲍苗的生长速度、度夏养殖成活率均显著高于自交所得鲍苗(P0.05);而南日鲍(♀)×盘鲍(♂)杂交所得鲍苗的生长速度和养殖成活率略高于南日鲍(♀)×皱纹盘鲍(♂),但差异不显著(P0.05);当年秋季分苗后,养殖鲍的生长速度和养殖成活率依次为:南日鲍(♀)×盘鲍(♂)南日鲍(♀)×皱纹盘鲍(♂)南日鲍(♀)×南日鲍(♂),且3组之间差异显著(P0.05)。说明在鲍养殖生产中,采用杂交育种改良和优化鲍种质是切实可行的,可显著提高鲍的生长速度和养殖成活率。     

Dietary astaxanthin improved the body pigmentation and antioxidant function,but not the growth of discus fish (Symphysodon spp.)

To assess the effects of dietary astaxanthin on the growth and body colour of red discus fish (Symphysodon spp.), synthetic astaxanthin was added into the basal diet (beef heart hamburger) with the levels of 0 (control diet), 50, 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg kg^?1 respectively. The six experimental diets were fed to discus fish with an initial body weight of 10.3 ± 0.8 g for 8 weeks. The results showed that the supplementation of 50–200 mg kg^?1 astaxanthin had no significant effects on growth performance of discus fish, but the high supplementation of astaxanthin (300 or 400 mg kg^?1) significantly reduced the weight gain and increased the feed coefficient ratio (P < 0.05). After 4 or 8 weeks of feeding, the L* (lightness) values in astaxanthin‐supplemented groups were significantly lower, while a* (redness), b* (yellowness) and skin astaxanthin contents were significantly higher than the control group (P < 0.05). When the astaxanthin supplementation reached 200 mg kg^?1, skin redness and astaxanthin contents remained relatively stable. When b* was relatively stable, the supplemental astaxanthin was 300 (4 weeks) and 50 mg kg^?1 (8 weeks) respectively. With the supplemental astaxanthin increasing, the astaxanthin retention rate significantly decreased and hepatic total antioxidant capacity was strengthened. The dietary astaxanthin also significantly increased the reduced glutathione level (P < 0.05) when the astaxanthin inclusion was higher than 50 mg kg^?1. The above results showed that dietary astaxanthin could effectively improve the skin pigmentation of red discus fish in 4 weeks and the supplementation level was suggested to be 200 mg kg^?1.     

金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂在皱纹盘鲍抗弧菌免疫中的作用

由弧菌感染引起的疾病是影响鲍存活率的主要因素,实验以皱纹盘鲍为研究对象,探讨金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂(tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase,TIMP)在皱纹盘鲍抗弧菌免疫中的功能及其与基质金属蛋白酶1 (matrix metalloproteinase 1,MMP-1)的相互作用关系....