Variation in the development of secondary dormancy in oilseed rape genotypes under conditions of stress

Summary A substantial amount of seed is left in the fields before and during harvest of oilseed rape. Although this crop exhibits little or no primary dormancy, the absence of certain environmental cues that promote germination of imbibed seeds induces secondary dormancy. The work reported investigated the extent to which environmental stress conditions, including osmotic stress, low oxygen stress and anaerobiosis, induce secondary dormancy in oilseed rape, and examined the variation in development of secondary dormancy between and within genotypes. Osmotic stress was most effective in inducing dormancy. Anaerobic treatment produced very few dormant seeds, as did an atmosphere low in oxygen and high in nitrogen. The development of secondary dormancy under osmotic stress varied considerably between and within genotypes. Dormancy ranged from almost zero to about 60% for winter genotypes and about 85% for spring types. Within genotypes, variations occurred between seed lots and years of harvest. Temperature variations affected the percentage of dormant seeds. More dormant seeds were likely to be produced with incubation under water stress at 20 °C than at 12 °C. In winter genotypes, fewer dormant seeds were produced when incubation temperature and germination test temperatures differed. Thus, incubating at 20 °C and 12 °C, followed by germination tests at 20 °C and 12 °C, respectively, produced most dormant seeds. Also, in the winter genotypes, the potential development of secondary dormancy was positively correlated with the pattern and speed of germination of untreated seeds.     

黄腐酸抗旱营养剂对小麦和玉米生长的影响

研究了黄腐酸旱地龙拌种、浇灌以及喷施对小麦和玉米生长的影响。结果表明:拌种时间为30 min时可提高小麦的发芽率和促进小麦苗期生长;浇灌试验中,正常供水条件下,浓度为600倍的稀释溶液相比对照可显著降低叶绿素a和类胡萝卜素含量,分别降低17.7%和15.6%;而干旱胁迫下,稀释480倍处理相比对照显著提高叶绿素a含量达24%;浇灌FA可显著提高田间玉米花粒期株高和Chla+b,分别提高7%和17%,喷施处理提高叶片净光合速率和水分利用效率,分别为25%和28%,而浇灌处理提高了62%和45%;浇灌FA显著提高田间小麦苗期和返青期叶绿素含量。     

出口萝卜种子中芸薹生链格孢的分离与鉴定

本文对酒泉出境萝卜种子上发现的链格孢菌(Alternariasp.)进行了形态学和分子生物学鉴定,根据结果,将这种链格孢鉴定为芸薹生链格孢(Alternariabrassicicola);该种病原菌是危害十字花科蔬菜种子生产的世界性病原真菌,在甘肃酒泉繁种基地过去未见报道。     

Over-winter predation of Abutilon theophrasti and Setaria faberi seeds in arable land

To improve understanding of over-winter weed seed predation in arable fields, we used data from winter exclosure trials to determine the amount of predation and the influence of crop habitats on predation of Abutilon theophrasti and Setaria faberi seed in 2-year (maize/soyabean) and 4-year (maize/soyabean/small grain+lucerne/lucerne) crop rotation systems between 2005 and 2008. Crop habitat influenced seed predation, and had similar impacts on the two weed species. Mean A. theophrasti predation ranged from 31% in the 2-year soyabean habitat to 99% in the 4-year lucerne habitat. Mean S. faberi predation ranged from 31% in the 2-year soyabean habitat to 97% in the 4-year lucerne habitat. Results suggest that a combination or interaction of cover and substrate may have affected crop habitat preference by seed predators. Future research should further examine the influence of physical habitat on seed predation to determine characteristics of cropping systems that encourage predation, particularly during over-winter periods, so as to routinely incorporate seed predators into long-term weed management strategies.     

中国帕米尔高原种子植物属的区系研究

中国帕米尔高原座落于新疆西南部,北纬37°-39,°东经73°-76,°面积约30000km2,区内平均海拔约4000m,拥用种子植物963种(包括变种),分属于59科303属,其中裸子植物3科3属12种,被子植物56科300属951种。种子植物属的区系特征如下:1)单种属、少种属占极高的比例,属种比值偏高,植物区系组成复杂,2)属级水平分析表明,本区植物区系以北温带为主的温带成分占主导地位,仅有13个从热带分布区延伸到温带的热带属,且在本区所含种类极少,但丰富了本区植物区系的组成,3)植物区系较为年轻且有一定的衍生性,4)高原生态因子的作用,使本区植物获得了适应寒冷和干旱的特性。     

Effect of temperature and humidity on the longevity of Orobanche seeds

The effects of moisture and temperature on seed longevity were studied over periods of up to 426 days in three species of Orobanche . Saturated salt solutions were used to achieve equilibrium relative humidities (e.r.h.) between 11% and 85% at temperatures of 20–60 °C. The viability equation describing loss of viability in these conditions applied to the three species such that the lower the temperature and lower the equilibrium relative humidity the greater the longevity. The initial viability differed between species with the seed lot of Orobanche crenata having the lowest viability. However, the relative effect of temperature on longevity and the relative sensitivity of seed longevity to changes in equilibrium relative humidity were the same in all species. Longevity, estimated by the standard deviation of the seed survival curves was greater in Orobanche aegyptiaca and O. crenata than in Orobanche minor , being for example about 100, 103 and 49 days, respectively, at 40 °C, 50% e.r.h. Accurate prediction of longevity is necessary to understand and quantify the population dynamics of weeds and will help the farmer to optimize control measures such as solarization. Taken in conjunction with published data on loss of viability of imbibed seeds, the annual loss of viability on a typical Eritrean farm is predicted to be about 38%.     

Fates of Setaria faberi and Abutilon theophrasti seeds in three crop rotation systems

Weed seeds in and on the soil are the primary cause of weed infestations in arable fields. Previous studies have documented reductions in weed seedbanks due to cropping system diversification through extended rotation sequences, but the impacts of different rotation systems on additions to and losses from weed seedbanks remain poorly understood. We conducted an experiment in Iowa, USA, to determine the fates of Setaria faberi and Abutilon theophrasti seeds in 2‐, 3‐ and 4‐year crop rotation systems when seed additions to the soil seedbank were restricted to a single pulse at the initiation of the study. Over the course of the experiment, seedlings were removed as they emerged and prevented from producing new seeds. After 41 months, seed population densities dropped >85% for S. faberi and >65% for A. theophrasti, but differences between rotation systems in the magnitude of seedbank reductions were not detected. Most of the reductions in seedbank densities took place from autumn through early spring in the first 5 months following seed deposition, before seedling emergence occurred, suggesting that seed predation and/or seed decay was important. For S. faberi, total cumulative seedling emergence and total seed mortality did not differ between rotation systems. In contrast, for A. theophrasti, seedling emergence was 71% lower and seed mortality was 83% greater in the 3‐ and 4‐year rotation systems than in the 2‐year system. Results of this study indicate that for certain weed species, such as A. theophrasti, crop rotation systems can strongly affect life‐history processes associated with soil seedbanks.     

噁醚唑种衣剂对小麦幼苗生长及抗病性相关酶活性的影响

本文研究了口恶醚唑 ( Difenoconazole)种衣剂、敌萎丹悬浮种衣剂 ( Dividend150 FS)分别处理小麦种子后对小麦幼苗生长、膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛 ( MDA)以及与植物抗病性相关的超氧化物歧化酶 ( SOD)、过氧化物酶 ( POD)、过氧化氢酶 ( CAT)和多酚氧化酶 ( PPO)酶活性的影响。结果表明 2种药剂处理均能使小麦幼苗叶绿素含量、株高、根长和百株鲜重显著增加 ,幼苗体内 MDA积累减少 ,SOD、POD、CAT和 PPO活性显著提高 ,但对可溶性蛋白的含量无明显影响。说明口恶醚唑种衣剂包衣处理小麦种子具有促进小麦幼苗生长发育、延缓小麦衰老和诱导小麦产生抗病性的作用 ,为防病增产奠定良好基础