活性污泥降解水中邻苯二甲酸酯类的研究

用液质联用测定了活性污泥对7种邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）的降解能力。结果显示,PAEs的降解过程可用一级动力学方程描述,随着分子量和初始质量浓度的增加,其降解速率常数减小,活性污泥对混合体系PAEs的降解能力优于降解单一种类PAEs,温度和pH能直接影响降解性能,其最优水平组合为温度36,7℃,pH7．6。     

Impact of sublethal di‐n‐butyl phthalate on the aquaculture fish species Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): histopathology and oxidative stress assessment

Phthalates such as di‐n‐butyl phthalate (DBP) and their esters are widely used plasticizers, their ubiquitous presence in daily life, inevitably leads to their restricted use due to important environmental pollution and health impacts and endocrine disruption potential. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of a sublethal concentration of 10 mg L^?1 DBP on haematocrit (HCT) values, gills and liver histology, malondialdehyde (MDA, 2‐thiobarbituric acid‐TBA reactivity) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in gills and liver tissue as oxidative stress biomarkers in the aquaculture fish species Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) after 24 (DBP‐24) and 96 (DBP‐96) h exposure. No differences were found between per cent HCT values in the 24 h exposure groups (P > 0.05). Response of antioxidant defence systems in liver and gill tissues of the fish were dependent on exposure duration and changed to a higher extent during 96 h. MDA levels in liver tissue increased in DBP treated fish in comparison to the control fish. However, the differences between the exposure and control groups were not significant (P > 0.05). A statistically significant decrease (P > 0.05) was recorded in gill MDA levels in the DBP‐96 group when compared to the control and DBP‐24 groups. The liver GSH levels were unchanged in the DBP treated fish. However, GSH levels were significantly lower in the gill tissue of the DBP‐96 group. Exposure to DBP caused several degenerative changes in the histology of gill and liver tissue. Gills displayed hyperaemia, epithelial lifting, oedema, talengiectasia, epithelial hyperplasia and fusion of secondary lamellae, whereas in liver several circulatory anomalies (hyperaemia, blood congestion and sinosoid dilatation) and vacuolization of hepatocytes were observed. Histopathological results demonstrated that the gills were more affected than the liver perhaps due to their direct contact with DBP.     

南疆棉花转产区土壤和农产品中邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)污染分析和评价

为评估棉花转产地区农产品中邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)风险,在新疆传统棉花种植区域(阿克苏市、沙雅县、新和县和库车县),采集94对农产品-土壤样品,40个农田地膜残留样品,进行17种PAEs含量水平分析和来源解析。结果表明,阿克苏地区土壤样品中17种PAEs累积含量范围为0～1 622μg·kg~(-1),平均含量180.2μg·kg~(-1),检出率95.7%,阿克苏地区农产品样品中17种PAEs累积含量范围为0～2430.1μg·kg~(-1),平均含量190.6μg·kg~(-1),检出率93.6%。阿克苏地区残膜量0.1～42.1 kg·hm~(-2),残膜膜厚5.6～6.85μm,破碎度6.4～30.3 mg·块~(-1)。相关性分析结果表明新疆阿克苏地区农产品ΣPAEs与土壤ΣPAEs呈正相关(R=0.529,P0.01),土壤、蔬果中的ΣPAEs和棉花种植时间上未发现相关性(P0.05),土壤ΣPAEs和农膜残留量呈正相关(R=0.767,P=0.044),和破碎度(R=0.778,P0.01)及农膜厚度(R=0.786,P=0.021)呈负相关,提示南疆棉花转产区PAEs污染关键控制点是降低农田残膜量。     

DEHP胁迫对高/低累积邻苯二甲酸酯品种水稻抗氧化酶系统的影响

以前期筛选获得的邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)高/低累积基因型水稻(Oryza sativa L.)品种(培杂泰丰/丰优丝苗)进行土培试验,对比研究邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)污染胁迫下2个品种水稻体内过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量变化,以揭示DEHP胁迫下2个品种的生理生化和DEHP累积差异。结果显示,2个品种水稻体内DEHP含量随土壤污染浓度增加而增加,但生物量下降,而且培杂泰丰地上部的生物量敏感性响应指数和DEHP含量比丰优丝苗的高,说明前者对DEHP的耐受性更强。2个品种水稻体内丙二醛含量基本保持不变,但过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶活性则随土壤DEHP浓度的增加而升高,说明水稻可能通过提高过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶活性以降低DEHP胁迫。丰优丝苗的多酚氧化酶活性较培杂泰丰的高,可能影响到DEHP在水稻体内降解进而导致前者体内DEHP含量较低。     

二甲四氯钠与草甘膦混用防除棉田节节草的效果

节节草是棉田入侵性难除杂草,一般除草剂难以防治,作者采用草甘膦与二甲四氯钠混合施用,其防治效果可达95％以上,药效期可保持在30天以上,比人工除草或草甘膦、二甲四氯钠盐的单一防除效果要好,且防效期更长。     

GC法检测三类食品中富马酸二甲酯的含量

选取饮料、饼干、腌菜三类保质期较短的食品为研究对象,试验了不同提取溶剂、提取方法、色谱条件的影响,建立了气相色谱法测定食品中富马酸二甲酯残留量的检测方法。试样经三氯甲烷提取后,超声15 min,DB\|FFAP柱分离,氢火焰离子化检测器(FID)检测。富马酸二甲酯浓度在10～600 μg·mL-1范围内,标准曲线的回归方程为y=24825x,相关系数r=0.9999,检出限0.072 mg·kg-1,分别对饮料、饼干、腌菜三类样品进行高低两水平添标回收试验,平均回收率在87.8%～105.2%,相对标准偏差2.4%～4.5%(n=6),本方法操作简单、快速、准确,灵敏度高,重现性好,适用于食品中富马酸二甲酯的检测。     

HPMCP微胶囊蛋白质包裹量的测定方法

本文采用复相乳液法制备HPMCP的BSA微胶囊,研究常用蛋白质定量方法考马斯亮蓝染色法、福林-酚法、紫外吸收法对测定HPMCP微胶囊蛋白包裹量受壁材、乳化剂、亲水性保护胶体的影响。结果得到制备的微胶囊呈圆形或椭圆形,没有粘结在一起的现象,三种方法中福林-酚法影响程度最小,适合测定HPMCP蛋白微胶囊的包裹量。     

二甲基亚砜溶剂用于制霉菌素效价测定

目的 探讨二甲基亚砜(DMSO)代替N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)用于制霉菌素效价测定的可行性.方法 制霉菌素分别用DMSO和DMF溶解,采用美国药典中抗生素-微生物测定法检测制霉菌素效价.结果 DMF和DMSO均有较好的准确性、精密度、特异性、线性范围(10.0-40.0 U/mL)、检出限(2.0 U/mL)和稳定性,且DMSO方法的灵敏度、定量下限(LOQ,3.0 U/mL)优于DMF.结论 鉴于DMSO毒性明显低于DMF,且DMSO方法的分析性能特征与DMF法相当甚或更好,故DMSO可代替DMF作为溶剂用于制霉菌素活性测定.     

不同食品模拟物对塑料中酞酸酯溶出效果研究

[目的]通过食品模拟物中酞酸酯类溶出情况的研究,了解塑料包装材料中此类物质可能在食品中的迁移行为。[方法]以正己烷、10%乙醇、3%乙酸和水为模拟物,对自制混炼而成的PVC薄膜中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）和邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）的溶出随时间和温度的变化规律进行研究,同时研究了微波处理条件下,3%乙酸和水中DBP及DEHP溶出情况。[结果]DBP和DEHP在正己烷中最易溶出,最大溶出率可达3.86%和2.28%;其次是10%乙醇、3%乙酸,2种溶液中均只溶出DBP,而在选定条件下的水中均未检出DBP和DEHP。[结论]长时间低温浸泡与短时间高温浸泡可取得同样的溶出效应,微波处理比单独加热更能促进DBP溶出。