关于退耕还林若干重大问题的思考

本文就退耕还林工作中应把握的几个重大问题 ,即生态目标、群众利益、各级政府及相关部门的责任、退耕还林政策的贯彻执行及科技支撑等问题进行了系统阐述 ,对保证退耕还林工作的顺利实施 ,实现林业的可持续发展具有重要的指导意义。     

Coping with imbalanced data problem in digital mapping of soil classes

An unsolved problem in the digital mapping of categorical soil variables and soil types is the imbalanced number of observations, which leads to reduced accuracy and the loss of the minority class (the class with a significantly lower number of observations compared to other classes) in the final map. So far, synthetic over- and under-sampling techniques have been explored in soil science; however, more efficient approaches that do not have the drawbacks of these techniques and guarantee retention of the minority classes in the produced map are essentially required. Such approaches suggested in the present study for digital mapping of soil classes include machine learning models of ensemble gradient boosting, cost-sensitive learning and one-class classification (OCC) of the minority class combined with multi-class classification. In this regard, extreme gradient boosting (XGB) as an ensemble gradient learner, a cost-sensitive decision tree (CSDT) within the C5.0 algorithm, and a one-class support vector machine combined with multi-class classification (OCCM) were investigated to map eight soil great groups with a naturally imbalanced frequency of observations in northwest Iran. A total of 453 profile data points were used for mapping the soil great groups of the study area. A data split was done manually for each class separately, which resulted in an overall 70% of the data for calibration and 30% for validation. The bootstrapping approach of calibration (with 10 runs) was performed to produce multiple maps for each model. The 10 bootstraps were evaluated against the hold-out validation dataset. The average values of accuracy measures, including Kappa (K), overall accuracy (OA), producer's accuracy (PA) and user's accuracy (UA), were explored. In addition, the results of this study were compared with a previous study in the same area, in which resampling techniques were used to deal with imbalanced data for digital soil class mapping. The findings show that all three suggested methods can deal well with the imbalanced classification problem, with OCCM showing the highest K (= 0.76) and OA (= 82) in the validation stage. Also, this model can guarantee the retention of the minority classes in the final map. Comparing the present approaches with the previous study approach demonstrates that the three newly suggested methods can remarkably increase both overall and individual class accuracy for mapping.     

河南省非公有制林业经营的现状、问题与对策

通过对河南省非公有制林业经营的现状调查,分析了近年来河南省非公有制林业建设取得的成绩和存在的问题,提出河南省非公有制林业发展的对策.     

GIS技术在黄土高原退耕还林草工程中的应用

坡耕地退耕还林 (草 )是我国黄土高原地区、特别是黄土丘陵沟壑区实施水土保持和生态环境建设的基本方法之一 ,如何快速了解区域土地利用现状是实施这一工程的关键所在 ,传统的统计法和图上量算法均无法满足科学高效的要求。结合黄土丘陵沟壑区地形特点 ,研究并探讨了应用 GIS技术实现该地区土地利用状况快速清查的工作过程及关键技术 ,以期为在全区实现土地资源调查、规划、管理的科学化、自动化、标准化提供可供借鉴的方法和依据     

巨桉种源遗传多样性的RAPD分析

用随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)分子标记方法对巨桉11个种源80个个体进行了遗传变异的比较分析.通过20个10bp随机引物的扩增,共检测到149个位点,其中89个为多态性标记位点,总的多态位点百分率为59.73%.各个种源多态位点百分率较高,为42.86%～55.89%,多态位点最多的是8号种源,最低的是6号种源.Shannon表型多样度估测值的统计表明,遗传多样性主要存在种源内部.遗传变异在种源间占28.74%,在种源个体间占71.26%.Shannon表型多样度估测值在种源间为0.1720～0.2650,平均为0.2373.8号种源的遗传多样性最高,6号种源的遗传多样性最低;种源间的遗传距离为0.0391～0.1344,平均为0.0817.这些遗传变异为巨桉优良种源的早期选择提供了科学依据.     

基于工作流技术的森工企业信息系统模型的构建

针对黑龙江省森工企业信息化建设的现状和存在的问题,介绍工作流技术的原理,给出基于工作流技术的森工企业管理信息系统的结构框架。根据工作流管理系统参考模型的规范,构建森工企业管理信息系统模型。提出工作流在森工企业信息化建设中应用的优势。     

Relationship between the ultrasonographic findings of suspected superficial digital flexor tendon injury and the prevalence of subsequent severe superficial digital flexor tendon injuries in Thoroughbred horses: a retrospective study

The onset of severe injury to the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) is extremely difficult to predict from slight changes in ultrasonographic findings in cases with no apparent clinical signs. This study investigated the relationship between an increased cross-sectional area (CSA) or edema in the subcutaneous tissue around the tendon and the subsequent onset of severe SDFT injury in Thoroughbred racehorses. Horses were classified into three groups based on ultrasound diagnosis (USD) findings: Group A included cases with enlarged tendons; Group B included cases with tendons of normal size but with prominent edema in the peritendinous tissue; and Group C (control group) included cases with no abnormal USD findings. The incidence of subsequent severe tendon injury was significantly higher in the horses in Groups A (25.7%, 28/101) and B (28.3%, 65/212) than in those in Group C (4.9%, 2/41). There were no significant differences in the median period and the median number of races from the first examination to the subsequent tendon injury between Groups A (140 days, 1 race) and B (120 days, 1 race). The results of this study revealed that horses with increased CSA and peritendinous edema are likely to suffer a subsequent severe tendon injury. Also, these two USD findings, i.e., increased CSA and peritendinous edema, indicate the risk of onset of severe SDFT injury.     

产业结构调整与林业经济增长方式转变

中国林业粗放型的经济增长方式必须尽快加以转变 .要实现这个转变 ,产业结构调整是关键 .林业产业结构调整的目标是结构高级化和合理化 ,为此 ,应在加强森林资源培育的基础上 ,优化林业第二产业内部结构 .重点是培育林产加工业这一林业主导产业 ,并通过主导产业影响作用的发挥 ,既拉动林业第一产业发展 ,又推动第三产业增长 ,从而推进整个林业产业结构优化升级 ,并最终达到实现林业经济增长方式转变的目的     

几内亚林业发展概况

随着我国可持续发展战略的实施, 林业的重要作用日益凸显, 研究和分析国际林业发展态势, 有助于促进我国林业的可持续发展和林业对外合作与交流.文中介绍了几内亚森林资源、林业政策法规、林业机构、林业科研与教育、森林保护、林产品贸易等现状, 在此基础上总结了几内亚林业的特点及发展落后的主要原因, 并展望了两国林业合作前景.     

广东省海丰县现代林业建设的几点建议

现代林业是当前林业建设的重点,建设现代林业就是要极力构建效益显著的生态体系、充满活力的产业和富有感染力的生态文化体系,不断满足人民群众对林业提供生态产品和物质产品等多样性的需求。就所在地区林业建设实际,立足现代林业建设理念,着眼建设人与自然和谐共处的宜居宜业环境,对现代林业发展模式进行有益的探求。