Irrigation induced change in vegetation and evapotranspiration in the Central Valley of California

Landscape changes in the Central Valley of California, USA, have been dramatic over the past 100 years. Irrigated agriculture has replaced natural communities of California prairie, riparian forest, tule marsh, valley oak savannah, and San Joaquin saltbrush. This paper addresses the implication of vegetation change on evapotranspiration as a consequence of these changes. It was found that an increase in irrigated agriculture and a 60% reduction in the aerial extent of native vegetation has not produced significant changes in the moisture transfer to the atmosphere. The apparent reason for this result is that irrigated agriculture has substituted one actively transpiring surface for another and, therefore, has not significantly altered the transpiration flux of the landscape.     

Cropping systems modify soil biota effects on wheat (Triticum aestivum) growth and competitive ability

Plants alter soil biota which subsequently modifies plant growth, plant–plant interactions and plant community dynamics. While much research has been conducted on the magnitude and importance of soil biota effects (SBEs) in natural systems, little is known in agro‐ecosystems. We investigated whether agricultural management systems could affect SBEs impacts on crop growth and crop–weed competition. Utilising soil collected from eight paired farms, we evaluated the extent to which SBEs differed between conventional and organic farming systems. Soils were conditioned by growing two common annual weeds: Amaranthus retroflexus (redroot pigweed) or Avena fatua (wild oat). Soil biota effects were measured in wheat (Triticum aestivum) growth and crop–weed competition, with SBEs calculated as the natural log of plant biomass in pots inoculated with living soil divided by the plant biomass in pots inoculated with sterilised soil. SBEs were generally more positive when soil inoculum was collected from organic farms compared with conventional farms, suggesting that cropping systems modify the relative abundance of mutualistic and pathogenic organisms responsible for the observed SBEs. Also, as feedbacks became more positive, crop–weed competition decreased and facilitation increased. In annual cropping systems, SBEs can alter plant growth and crop–weed competition. By identifying the management practices that promote positive SBEs, producers can minimise the impacts of crop–weed competition and decrease their reliance on off‐farm chemical and mechanical inputs to control weeds, enhancing agroecosystem sustainability.     

井渠结合灌区节水效益模糊综合评价决策系统研究

针对井渠结合灌区缺乏节水评价指标与评价方法等突出问题,采用模糊综合评价方法,建立了井渠结合灌区节水农业综合评价指标体系,开发出了计算机辅助评价决策系统,该系统在国家节水农业重大科技专项"山东威海井渠结合节水技术集成与示范区"应用表明,系统确定的评价指标与评价方法科学、合理,评价结果可靠,计算机辅助管理系统性能稳定,操作简便。对于不同类型灌区节水效果评价及项目后评估具有重要指导意义。     

中亚与新疆绿洲农业的比较

基于实地考查和调研,应用“水热做图分析及干燥度法（K、K′值）]综合研究体系”,对中亚与新疆绿洲农区的形成条件、水热配合、分布类型及其对绿洲农业的影响进行比较研究,初步将研究区分为2大类4小类,即山前冲-洪积扇及冲积平原绿洲农区和沙漠内河湖沿岸绿洲农区;4小类包括：① 中亚山前冲-洪积扇及冲积平原绿洲农区;② 新疆山前冲-洪积扇及冲积平原绿洲农区;③ 中亚沙漠内河湖沿岸绿洲农区;④ 新疆沙漠内河湖沿岸绿洲农区。不同类型绿洲农区的气候资源、土地资源以及环境和社会资源等的差异,给绿洲农业带来多方面的影响,突出表现在：① 灌溉模式。在加强水利建设、实施合理灌溉的基础上,中亚山前冲-洪积扇及冲积平原绿洲农区应充分利用雨季降水,实施节水灌溉;而新疆山前冲-洪积扇及冲积平原绿洲农区、中亚与新疆沙漠内河湖沿岸绿洲农区则更需强调节水灌溉。② 棉花生产。沙漠内河湖沿岸绿洲农区适合植棉;山前冲-洪积扇及冲积平原绿洲农区气温较高,也适合植棉,但需要配套的栽培技术,海拔较高、纬度偏北区域则不能植棉。     

基于DEM的延河流域水文特征提取与分析

基于DEM数据,依据地表径流漫流模拟算法,使用ArcGIS软件中的水文分析工具,提取与分析延河流域河网特征及相关信息,并与1∶25万地形图数字化水系进行分析比较。结果表明:集水面积阈值是决定河网提取精度的关键参数,阈值越大,提取河网越稀疏,反之则提取河网越密集;随着集水面积阈值的增大,河源数和河网密度、河流的级数、总河长等随之减少,但主河长变化不大;当阈值为5.51 km2时,提取河网与实际较吻合。因此,基于90m分辨率的DEM数据提取延河流域水系和子流域是切实可行的,可以作为数字流域建设与水资源管理的基础数据。     

低碳经济背景下设施蔬菜产业发展策略

结合低碳经济和低碳农业的主要特征,提出了设施条件下低碳蔬菜产业的发展策略,以求为促进我国低碳农业快速、健康发展提供科学决策.     

极度干旱区设施蔬菜地土壤硝态氮的分布特征

设施农业中过量施肥和灌溉不仅降低肥料利用率,且容易引发硝酸盐污染风险.以库尔勒英下乡露天菜地为参照,对该地大棚菜地年度氮素输入量、土壤剖面硝态氮累积特征,以及地下水硝态氮含量进行了研究.结果表明:氮素年度输入量大棚菜地＞露天菜地;两种种植方式0-180cm土壤均出现了硝酸盐的明显累积,大棚菜地硝态氮累积量随种植年限的增...     

农田灌溉模式下塔里木河流域地下水水位的变化分析──以塔里木河上游为例

根据1997、2000年的监测资料,分析了塔里木河上游地下水水位的时空变化,反映了不同的土地利用方式对地下水水位的影响。在农田灌溉模式下,在垂直河道方向上地下水水位的变化受到塔里木河干流水位、农田灌溉和潜水蒸发的影响。沿河道的横切方向上地下水位的变化与距河道距离成正相关,但具有明显的滞后反应,其滞后时间随垂直河道的距离增加而增加。干流水位明显影响地下水的范围为3.5km。农田灌水使地下水水位在3、11月份明显抬升,也在7月份时对地下水水位产生影响,使其抬升。潜水蒸发量随地下水水位的升高而增加,使地下水水位变化趋于缓和。     

青藏高原东部雨季降水量分布模型的建立

采用高分辨率的3"数字高程模型资料和青藏高原东部102个常规气象观测站5～9月份的降水资料,根据降水随高度分布将站点分为3类,采用多元逐步回归的方法,建立了青藏高原40年(1961-2000年)雨季逐年降水量和经度、纬度、海拔高度、坡度、坡向、开放度等地理、地形因子之间的关系模型,估算了青藏高原地区降水量的空间分布.结果表明:建立的关于青藏高原降水量与诸因子之间方程的相关性显著,相对误差在20%,平均相对误差在4.4%之内,估算模型的相关系数均通过置信度为0.95 的检验;并且地理地形因子对40年平均和逐年降水量分布特征的影响较为稳定,其归一化的模拟系数基本控制在±1之间,这对定量分析和评价站点稀少、地形复杂的高原降水有重要意义.     

城郊型观光农业园区可持续规划研究——以扬州市沙头镇观光农业园区为例

以城郊型观光农业园区的特征为切入点,分析当前我国观光农业的发展与园区规划存在的问题,进而提出观光农业园区规划应该引入可持续发展的思想,运用生态规划的手法进行可持续规划,规划内容主要包括以农业产业为核心的农业产业发展规划和以土地利用为核心的修建性规划。并以扬州市沙头镇观光农业园区为例,探讨城郊型观光农业园区可持续规划的理论与实践的方法,以期为该类观光农业园区规划提供借鉴。