Effect of substitution of dietary fish meal by soybean meal on different sizes of gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio): digestive enzyme gene expressions and activities,and intestinal and hepatic histology

A 7‐week growth trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary soybean meal (SBM) on digestive enzyme activity of intestinal mucosa, mRNA levels of digestive enzymes in hepatopancreas, and the mid‐intestinal and hepatopancreas histology of gibel carp CAS III (Carassius auratus gibelio). Four different growth phases of gibel carp (initial body weight: fry, 0.8 g; juvenile, 5.0 g; 1‐year‐old, 62.7 g; and broodstock, 135.6 g) were tested. Seven isonitrogenous and iso‐energetic diets were formulated to contain different SBM replacement levels (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% of dietary fish meal protein), and another diet (SBMAA) contained all SBM protein and supplied crystalline amino acids. The results showed that the activities of mid‐intestine trypsin, α‐amylase and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase reduced with increased dietary SBM, while the chymotrypsin activity increased first and then decreased. The ultrastructures of intestinal epithelial cells and hepatopancreas cells in fry and broodstock fish were distinctly affected by 200 g kg^‐1 dietary SBM. Supplementation of dietary amino acid to the highest replacement groups was not sufficient to improve digestive and absorptive capacities and growth performance. Gibel carp may be adapted to dietary SBM through increase in gene expression of hepatopancreas digestive enzymes and has potential to utilize proceeded SBM as feedstuffs.     

饲料中添加谷氨酰胺前体物对镜鲤肠道消化酶及Na~+/K~+-ATPase活性的影响

为了研究谷氨酰胺前体物对镜鲤(Cyprinus carpio specularis)肠道消化酶及Na~+/K~+-ATPase活性的影响,分别用谷氨酰胺(Gln)、谷氨酸(Glu)、α-酮戊二酸(AKG)、L-鸟氨酸-α-酮戊二酸(OKG)、L-精氨酸-α-酮戊二酸(AAKG)、α-酮戊二酸钠(2Na-AKG)替代基础饲料中的葡萄糖(添加量为1.5%),配制成6种等氮等能试验饲料,以基础饲料为对照,分别投喂松浦镜鲤(平均体重(40.27±3.96)g),饲养8周后测定镜鲤肠道消化酶及Na~+/K~+-ATPase活性。结果显示:Glu组前肠蛋白酶活性显著高于对照组;Gln组、Glu组、OKG组和AAKG组中肠蛋白酶活性均显著高于对照组。2Na-AKG组前肠脂肪酶活性显著高于对照组和OKG组;2Na-AKG组中肠脂肪酶活性显著高于对照组和Gln组。2Na-AKG组前肠淀粉酶活性均显著高于对照组和Gln组。Gln组和Glu组前肠Na~+/K~+-ATPase活性均显著高于对照组;不同处理组中肠Na~+/K~+-ATPase活性均显著低于对照组;Glu组、AKG组和OKG组后肠Na~+/K~+-ATPase活性均显著高于对照组,Gln组、AAKG组和2NaAKG组后肠Na~+/K~+-ATPase活性则均显著低于对照组。研究表明,饲料中添加Gln、Glu、OKG和AAKG可显著提高鱼体肠道的蛋白酶活性,添加2Na-AKG可显著提高鱼体肠道的淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性。     

饲料蛋白质水平对拟穴青蟹幼蟹生长性能、体成分和消化酶活性的影响

用蛋白质水平分别为31.45%,36.37%,41.55%,46.13%,51.72%和56.86%的6种等能饲料,对初始体重为(11.86?0.11)mg的拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)幼蟹进行为期3周的养殖实验,考察饲料蛋白质水平对拟穴青蟹幼蟹生长性能、体成分以及消化酶活性的影响,以期获得拟穴青蟹幼蟹饲料蛋白质的适宜添加量。结果表明,饲料蛋白质水平对拟穴青蟹幼蟹的成活率影响不显著(P0.05);幼蟹的增重率和特定生长率随饲料蛋白质水平的提高先显著升高(P0.05)后稍有下降,最大值出现在蛋白质水平为51.72%的实验组;随着饲料蛋白质水平的提高,幼蟹粗蛋白质含量显著升高(P0.05)后趋于稳定,粗脂肪含量显著降低(P0.05),灰分含量先显著升高(P0.05)后显著降低(P0.05),水分含量则没有显著变化(P0.05);随着饲料蛋白质水平的提高,幼蟹蛋白酶活性显著升高(P0.05),淀粉酶活性显著降低(P0.05),各组脂肪酶活性也有显著差异(P0.05),但没有明显的变化规律。本研究条件下,饲料蛋白质水平在41.55%~56.86%,拟穴青蟹幼蟹均表现出较好的生长率,增重率和蛋白质水平的回归分析表明,幼蟹饲料蛋白质适宜水平为49.03%。     

Effect of fish meal replacement by Chlorella meal with dietary cellulase addition on growth performance,digestive enzymatic activities,histology and myogenic genes’ expression for crucian carp Carassius auratus

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of fish meal (FM) replacement by Chlorella meal (CM) with dietary cellulase supplementation on growth performance, digestive enzymatic activities, histology and myogenic genes’ expression in crucian carp Carassius auratus (initial body weight: 2.90 ± 0.02 g, mean ± SEM). Six isonitrogenous diets were formulated at two cellulase levels (0 and 2 g kg^?1). At each cellulase level, CM was added at three levels of 0, 533.1 and 710.8 g kg^?1 to substitute 0, 75 and 100% of dietary FM respectively. Each experimental diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups with 25 juvenile fish per fibreglass tank for 8 weeks. Dietary CM substitution significantly increased growth, feed utilization, amylase activity and the expression of Myod, Mrf4 and Myf5, but reduced the Myog expression. Dietary cellulase addition increased hepatosomatic and viscerosomatic index, lipase activity and the expression of Mrf4, but reduced trypsin activity and the expression of Myog and Myf5. Dietary CM substitution enlarged the cell size and also caused some karyopyknosis in liver. Our results showed that CM could totally replace FM in diets; dietary cellulase supplementation at the level of 2 g kg^?1 played a subtle role in improving growth and feed utilization for crucian carp.     

Effect of cortisol and triiodothyronine bath treatments on the digestive enzyme profile and growth of Catla catla larvae during ontogenic development

Digestive enzyme profile is a good indicator of the nutritional and health status of the fish. The present investigation aims to evaluate the effect of exogenous bath treatment of hormones, cortisol and triiodothyronine, on the digestive enzyme activities and growth of carp Catla catla (Ham.) during ontogenic development. Catla larvae (4 days old) were given bath treatment with cortisol (hydrocortisone, 0.2 mg L^?1), 3,5,3′‐triiodothyronine (T3, 2.5 mg L^?1) and a combination of cortisol and T3 for 30 min. Digestive enzyme profile was recorded on every third day and was continued for 30 days. Larvae were fed with live food for initial 14 days and then weaned to mix feeding of live food and prepared diet. Significantly (P < 0.05) higher amylase, total protease, trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, chitinase and chitinobiase activities were found in the hormone‐treated groups compared to the control one during ontogenic development. Among the treated groups, amylase activity was highest in cortisol‐treated larvae. Total protease, trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, chitinase and chitinobiase activities were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in larvae exposed at combined treatment of cortisol and T3 compared to the other two groups in most sampling days. Average length, weight and specific growth rate of treated larvae were higher compared to the control one. The combined bath treatment of cortisol and triiodothyronine influenced the digestive enzyme activities of catla larvae and thereby enhanced the growth at early developmental stage. This helps the larvae to overcome the problems associated with early developmental stage.     

Effect of starvation on the performance of baby octopus (Robsonella fontaniana) paralarvae

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of short‐ and long‐term starvation on paralarvae from hatching and compare to fed paralarvae. In the continuous starvation treatments, paralarvae at hatching were left without food as independent treatments for 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 15 days. In the fed treatments, the newly hatched paralarvae were fed for five and eight days; then each group was left in starvation as independent treatments for 3, 5 and 7 days. After any experimental starvation period, the paralarvae were fed for five more days to evaluate their recovery. Paralarvae exposed to continuous starvation from hatching endured up to 8 days after hatching (8 SDAH) showing significant recovery. Its survival decreased proportionally to the days of starvation, without any recovery after 12 DAH. Fed paralarvae (5 and 8 FDAH), resulted in significant differences accordingly to the length of the starvation period. Paralarvae left under permanent starvation showed a noticeable decrease in their arm/mantle length ratio and an atrophy of the digestive gland was observed. Amino acids were used primarily as energy source by paralarvae, particularly in the second week of starvation. It is discussed the critical age to avoid deleterious effects of starvation on paralarvae.     

饲料异亮氨酸水平对卵形鲳鲹消化酶活性和免疫指标的影响

实验旨在研究饲料异亮氨酸(Ile)水平对卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)消化酶活性和免疫指标的影响。以鱼粉、豆粕、花生粕和L-晶体氨基酸为蛋白源,配制含粗蛋白430 g·kg~(-1)的6种等氮饲料,各组分别含有13.2 g·kg~(-1)、15.7 g·kg~(-1)、18.2 g·kg~(-1)、20.7 g·kg~(-1)、23.2 g·kg~(-1)和25.7g·kg~(-1)(以干物质计)异亮氨酸。每组3个重复,每个重复随机放置20尾鱼[初始体质量(6.36±0.03)g],实验时长8周。结果显示,各实验组的肠淀粉酶和胃蛋白酶活性、血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、溶菌酶(LZM)活性、免疫球蛋白M和补体(C3和C4)浓度均随着饲料Ile水平的升高而先上升后下降,这5个指标的较高值出现在18.2 g·kg~(-1)和20.7 g·kg~(-1)组,而较低值则出现在13.2 g·kg~(-1)和25.7 g·kg~(-1)组,上述4组与其他2组差异显著。血清尿素氮和丙二醛(MDA)浓度的变化趋势则与上述7个指标相反,较低值出现在18.2 g·kg~(-1)和20.7 g·kg~(-1)组,且显著低于其他4组。血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性则随着饲料Ile水平的增加而显著升高,18.2~25.7 g·kg~(-1)这4组SOD活性没有显著性差异。综上所述,饲料Ile水平为18.2~20.7 g·kg~(-1)时,卵形鲳鲹具有较好的消化性能和免疫机能。     

外源酶和柠檬酸对奥尼罗非鱼内源消化酶活性的影响

分别研究了饲料中添加外源消化酶、非淀粉多糖酶、植酸酶和柠檬酸对奥尼罗非鱼内源消化酶活性的影响。实验结果表明,与对照组相比,饲料中分别添加15g·kg-1和30g·kg-1的消化酶制剂,胃、肝胰脏、肠道蛋白酶活性分别升高了22.3%、17.7%、12.5%(P<0.05)和42.0%、25.2%、16.5%(P<0.01),肝胰脏、肠道淀粉酶活性分别升高了62.4%、28.8%(P<0.05)和54.0%、27.4%(P<0.05),肠道脂肪酶活性分别升高了23.2%(P<0.05)和43.6%(P<0.01);添加1g·kg-1非淀粉多糖酶和植酸酶,肝胰脏、肠道淀粉酶活性分别上升11.4%、49.5%(P<0.01)和14.0%、24.1%(P<0.05),对胃、肝胰脏、肠道蛋白酶活性无显著影响;饲料中添加10g·kg-1柠檬酸使胃蛋白酶活性提高29.6%(P<0.01),肠道蛋白酶活性下降35.1%(P<0.01),肝胰脏和肠道淀粉酶分别上升30.7%和29.4%(P<0.01);饲料中添加非淀粉多糖酶、植酸酶和柠檬酸对肠道脂肪酶活性均无显著影响。     

高体革鯻消化道发生的组织学观察

利用形态学和连续组织切片技术,对出膜后1～30d的高体革(鱼刺)消化系统胚后发育的组织形态学进行了系统观察和研究。结果表明,培养水温在26.6～29.7℃条件下,高体革(鱼刺)初孵仔鱼消化管为一柱形盲管,管腔狭窄,口、肛门尚未与外界接通。出膜30h仔鱼,口开始张开,消化管相通。出膜2d仔鱼肠壁出现皱褶,肠瓣将肠道分为前肠和后肠,在显微镜下可见消化管蠕动。出膜3d仔鱼可以开口摄食,消化管上皮分化,食管中出现黏液细胞,肝脏和胰脏出现,鱼体由内源性营养转入混合营养阶段。混合营养阶段仔鱼消化道明显分为口咽腔、食道、胃、前肠、直肠等,消化腺肝脏和胰脏也已形成,各部分已经有初步结构和一定的消化吸收能力。随着仔鱼的发育,仔鱼消化系统各器官也趋于完善。出膜21d稚鱼的胃壁出现胃腺,标志着稚鱼期开始。     

封闭循环水养殖半滑舌鳎蛋白质的生态营养需要量

研究在封闭循环水养殖条件下,选用半滑舌鳎幼鱼(110±25)g,进行5×3双因素试验,即5种饲料蛋白质水平(43%、46%、49%、52%、56%,以A~E组表示)和3种饲喂饱食度水平(100%、90%、80%,以Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ水平表示),分为15个处理组,每个处理3重复,每个重复25尾鱼,试验期108 d。通过生长、水质、消化酶等指标测定,研究蛋白质营养与饱食度对工厂化养殖半滑舌鳎生长和养殖水环境的影响。结果表明,(1) 随蛋白质水平和饱食度升高,增重率显著提高(P<0.01),E组显著高于其它组13.75%~50.16%,Ⅰ水平比Ⅱ、Ⅲ水平分别显著提高7.57%、14.08%;E组饲料系数显著低于其它各组6.25%~27.44%(P<0.05),但饱食度对饲料系数的影响没有前者对其影响显著,Ⅰ与Ⅱ水平差异不显著,Ⅰ水平比Ⅲ水平显著高5%;鱼体氨氮、亚硝氮、总有害氮(氨氮+亚硝氮)的排泄率显著增加(P<0.01),C组(中蛋白水平)总有害氮比E、D组分别降低64.40%、54.50%,Ⅰ水平分别比Ⅱ、Ⅲ 水平极显著高17.8%、29.2%;(2) 随蛋白水平升高,肝脏和肠道蛋白酶活力增强,E组比其它各组提高10.50%~81.23%(肝)及6.84%~48.90%(肠)。脂肪酶活力降低,E组比其它各组降低2.46%~14.36%(肝)及4.31%~20.58%(肠)。淀粉酶活力先增加后降低,肝脏淀粉酶活力C组最高,且比其它组高8.53%~22.27%,肠道中B组活力最高,比其它组高5.3%~21.93%。随饱食度升高,肝脏和肠道中消化酶活力各组均降低,Ⅲ水平蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶活力比Ⅱ、Ⅲ水平分别降低5.23%~18.07%、6.62%~18.76%和3.91%~10.64%;(3) 通过日增氮量与日总有害氮排泄量的回归分析与模拟测算,获得饱食度Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ水平的蛋白质生态营养需要量分别为48.30%、49.27%和50.67%。生态适宜性饱食度为90%。