Development of digestive biochemistry in the initial stages of three cultured Atherinopsids

The early development of the digestive biochemistry of three cultured Atherinopsids (two Odontesthes species and Chirostoma estor) was investigated. Relatively high lipolytic and high alkaline proteolytic activities were found in all species. In addition, gene expression of lipase and trypsin during the early development of C. estor not only indicates an early onset of the lipase activity but also demonstrates a major importance of protein digestion in this species. However, despite all of them share similar habitats, differences in their digestive activities were evident. The rise in the activities of brush border membrane enzymes correlated with the decrease in cytosolic activities, used as indicator of maturation of the digestive tract, was detected in both species of Odontesthes at 9 weeks after hatching. In contrast, no similar signs were measured in C. estor, this being in agreement to the long weaning period (nearly 5 months) reported for this species.     

水温对细鳞鱼幼鱼消化酶活性的影响

1在水温6℃、14℃、22℃下和180×60×50cm控温水族箱中,饲养初始鱼体质量11.3±0.94g的细鳞鱼Brachymystax lenok幼鱼21d,测定了幼鱼消化器官（胃、幽门盲囊、肝脏和肠）中的蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶的活力。结果表明：水温14℃下胃蛋白酶活性最高,其次为水温6℃时,22℃时消化酶活性最低,显著低于前2个处理组（P〈0.05）。肠中脂肪酶活性最高,显著高于胃和肝中（P〈0.05）,其次为幽门盲囊。各消化器官脂肪酶活力均在14℃时最高,其中肠和幽门盲囊中脂肪酶活力显著高于其他2个处理组。各水温条件下,幽门盲囊中淀粉酶活性最高,其次为肠。6℃时,幽门盲囊中淀粉酶活性显著高于胃和肝脏中（P〈0.05）;14℃和22℃时,幽门盲囊和肠中淀粉酶活性显著高于胃和肝脏中（P〈0.05）,胃和肝脏中差异不显著（P〉0.05）。14℃时各消化器官淀粉酶活力最高,6℃时肝脏和肠中淀粉酶活性显著低于14℃时,其它组织中各处理组间淀粉酶活力差异不显著（P〉0.05）。     

饥饿对褐菖鲉消化道指数及消化酶活力的影响

在水温(18±0.5)℃、盐度27.0±0.5条件下,测定了褐菖鲉不同饥饿时间(0、3、7、14、21 d)的比肝质量、比胃质量、比幽门质量、比肠长及各消化组织消化酶活力。试验结果表明,在饥饿过程中,褐菖鲉消化道组织萎缩,比肝质量、比胃质量、比幽门质量和比肠长呈显著下降趋势(P<0.01),其中比肝质量下降速率最大,饥饿21 d的比肝质量比对照组下降85.033%。饥饿期间,蛋白酶活力总体呈先升后降的趋势,差异显著(P<0.05)。淀粉酶活力的变化趋势亦为先升后降,饥饿1 d,前、中、后肠、幽门的淀粉酶活力呈不同程度上升,之后,除胃和幽门外,随着饥饿时间的延长,皆呈下降趋势,与对照组相比,差异显著(P<0.05);脂肪酶活力总体呈缓慢下降趋势,差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

Effect of substitution of dietary fish meal by soybean meal on different sizes of gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio): digestive enzyme gene expressions and activities,and intestinal and hepatic histology

A 7‐week growth trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary soybean meal (SBM) on digestive enzyme activity of intestinal mucosa, mRNA levels of digestive enzymes in hepatopancreas, and the mid‐intestinal and hepatopancreas histology of gibel carp CAS III (Carassius auratus gibelio). Four different growth phases of gibel carp (initial body weight: fry, 0.8 g; juvenile, 5.0 g; 1‐year‐old, 62.7 g; and broodstock, 135.6 g) were tested. Seven isonitrogenous and iso‐energetic diets were formulated to contain different SBM replacement levels (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% of dietary fish meal protein), and another diet (SBMAA) contained all SBM protein and supplied crystalline amino acids. The results showed that the activities of mid‐intestine trypsin, α‐amylase and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase reduced with increased dietary SBM, while the chymotrypsin activity increased first and then decreased. The ultrastructures of intestinal epithelial cells and hepatopancreas cells in fry and broodstock fish were distinctly affected by 200 g kg^‐1 dietary SBM. Supplementation of dietary amino acid to the highest replacement groups was not sufficient to improve digestive and absorptive capacities and growth performance. Gibel carp may be adapted to dietary SBM through increase in gene expression of hepatopancreas digestive enzymes and has potential to utilize proceeded SBM as feedstuffs.     

饲料中添加谷氨酰胺前体物对镜鲤肠道消化酶及Na~+/K~+-ATPase活性的影响

为了研究谷氨酰胺前体物对镜鲤(Cyprinus carpio specularis)肠道消化酶及Na~+/K~+-ATPase活性的影响,分别用谷氨酰胺(Gln)、谷氨酸(Glu)、α-酮戊二酸(AKG)、L-鸟氨酸-α-酮戊二酸(OKG)、L-精氨酸-α-酮戊二酸(AAKG)、α-酮戊二酸钠(2Na-AKG)替代基础饲料中的葡萄糖(添加量为1.5%),配制成6种等氮等能试验饲料,以基础饲料为对照,分别投喂松浦镜鲤(平均体重(40.27±3.96)g),饲养8周后测定镜鲤肠道消化酶及Na~+/K~+-ATPase活性。结果显示:Glu组前肠蛋白酶活性显著高于对照组;Gln组、Glu组、OKG组和AAKG组中肠蛋白酶活性均显著高于对照组。2Na-AKG组前肠脂肪酶活性显著高于对照组和OKG组;2Na-AKG组中肠脂肪酶活性显著高于对照组和Gln组。2Na-AKG组前肠淀粉酶活性均显著高于对照组和Gln组。Gln组和Glu组前肠Na~+/K~+-ATPase活性均显著高于对照组;不同处理组中肠Na~+/K~+-ATPase活性均显著低于对照组;Glu组、AKG组和OKG组后肠Na~+/K~+-ATPase活性均显著高于对照组,Gln组、AAKG组和2NaAKG组后肠Na~+/K~+-ATPase活性则均显著低于对照组。研究表明,饲料中添加Gln、Glu、OKG和AAKG可显著提高鱼体肠道的蛋白酶活性,添加2Na-AKG可显著提高鱼体肠道的淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性。     

饲料蛋白质水平对拟穴青蟹幼蟹生长性能、体成分和消化酶活性的影响

用蛋白质水平分别为31.45%,36.37%,41.55%,46.13%,51.72%和56.86%的6种等能饲料,对初始体重为(11.86?0.11)mg的拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)幼蟹进行为期3周的养殖实验,考察饲料蛋白质水平对拟穴青蟹幼蟹生长性能、体成分以及消化酶活性的影响,以期获得拟穴青蟹幼蟹饲料蛋白质的适宜添加量。结果表明,饲料蛋白质水平对拟穴青蟹幼蟹的成活率影响不显著(P0.05);幼蟹的增重率和特定生长率随饲料蛋白质水平的提高先显著升高(P0.05)后稍有下降,最大值出现在蛋白质水平为51.72%的实验组;随着饲料蛋白质水平的提高,幼蟹粗蛋白质含量显著升高(P0.05)后趋于稳定,粗脂肪含量显著降低(P0.05),灰分含量先显著升高(P0.05)后显著降低(P0.05),水分含量则没有显著变化(P0.05);随着饲料蛋白质水平的提高,幼蟹蛋白酶活性显著升高(P0.05),淀粉酶活性显著降低(P0.05),各组脂肪酶活性也有显著差异(P0.05),但没有明显的变化规律。本研究条件下,饲料蛋白质水平在41.55%~56.86%,拟穴青蟹幼蟹均表现出较好的生长率,增重率和蛋白质水平的回归分析表明,幼蟹饲料蛋白质适宜水平为49.03%。     

Effect of fish meal replacement by Chlorella meal with dietary cellulase addition on growth performance,digestive enzymatic activities,histology and myogenic genes’ expression for crucian carp Carassius auratus

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of fish meal (FM) replacement by Chlorella meal (CM) with dietary cellulase supplementation on growth performance, digestive enzymatic activities, histology and myogenic genes’ expression in crucian carp Carassius auratus (initial body weight: 2.90 ± 0.02 g, mean ± SEM). Six isonitrogenous diets were formulated at two cellulase levels (0 and 2 g kg^?1). At each cellulase level, CM was added at three levels of 0, 533.1 and 710.8 g kg^?1 to substitute 0, 75 and 100% of dietary FM respectively. Each experimental diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups with 25 juvenile fish per fibreglass tank for 8 weeks. Dietary CM substitution significantly increased growth, feed utilization, amylase activity and the expression of Myod, Mrf4 and Myf5, but reduced the Myog expression. Dietary cellulase addition increased hepatosomatic and viscerosomatic index, lipase activity and the expression of Mrf4, but reduced trypsin activity and the expression of Myog and Myf5. Dietary CM substitution enlarged the cell size and also caused some karyopyknosis in liver. Our results showed that CM could totally replace FM in diets; dietary cellulase supplementation at the level of 2 g kg^?1 played a subtle role in improving growth and feed utilization for crucian carp.     

Effect of cortisol and triiodothyronine bath treatments on the digestive enzyme profile and growth of Catla catla larvae during ontogenic development

Digestive enzyme profile is a good indicator of the nutritional and health status of the fish. The present investigation aims to evaluate the effect of exogenous bath treatment of hormones, cortisol and triiodothyronine, on the digestive enzyme activities and growth of carp Catla catla (Ham.) during ontogenic development. Catla larvae (4 days old) were given bath treatment with cortisol (hydrocortisone, 0.2 mg L^?1), 3,5,3′‐triiodothyronine (T3, 2.5 mg L^?1) and a combination of cortisol and T3 for 30 min. Digestive enzyme profile was recorded on every third day and was continued for 30 days. Larvae were fed with live food for initial 14 days and then weaned to mix feeding of live food and prepared diet. Significantly (P < 0.05) higher amylase, total protease, trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, chitinase and chitinobiase activities were found in the hormone‐treated groups compared to the control one during ontogenic development. Among the treated groups, amylase activity was highest in cortisol‐treated larvae. Total protease, trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, chitinase and chitinobiase activities were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in larvae exposed at combined treatment of cortisol and T3 compared to the other two groups in most sampling days. Average length, weight and specific growth rate of treated larvae were higher compared to the control one. The combined bath treatment of cortisol and triiodothyronine influenced the digestive enzyme activities of catla larvae and thereby enhanced the growth at early developmental stage. This helps the larvae to overcome the problems associated with early developmental stage.     

Effect of starvation on the performance of baby octopus (Robsonella fontaniana) paralarvae

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of short‐ and long‐term starvation on paralarvae from hatching and compare to fed paralarvae. In the continuous starvation treatments, paralarvae at hatching were left without food as independent treatments for 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 15 days. In the fed treatments, the newly hatched paralarvae were fed for five and eight days; then each group was left in starvation as independent treatments for 3, 5 and 7 days. After any experimental starvation period, the paralarvae were fed for five more days to evaluate their recovery. Paralarvae exposed to continuous starvation from hatching endured up to 8 days after hatching (8 SDAH) showing significant recovery. Its survival decreased proportionally to the days of starvation, without any recovery after 12 DAH. Fed paralarvae (5 and 8 FDAH), resulted in significant differences accordingly to the length of the starvation period. Paralarvae left under permanent starvation showed a noticeable decrease in their arm/mantle length ratio and an atrophy of the digestive gland was observed. Amino acids were used primarily as energy source by paralarvae, particularly in the second week of starvation. It is discussed the critical age to avoid deleterious effects of starvation on paralarvae.     

饲料异亮氨酸水平对卵形鲳鲹消化酶活性和免疫指标的影响

实验旨在研究饲料异亮氨酸(Ile)水平对卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)消化酶活性和免疫指标的影响。以鱼粉、豆粕、花生粕和L-晶体氨基酸为蛋白源,配制含粗蛋白430 g·kg~(-1)的6种等氮饲料,各组分别含有13.2 g·kg~(-1)、15.7 g·kg~(-1)、18.2 g·kg~(-1)、20.7 g·kg~(-1)、23.2 g·kg~(-1)和25.7g·kg~(-1)(以干物质计)异亮氨酸。每组3个重复,每个重复随机放置20尾鱼[初始体质量(6.36±0.03)g],实验时长8周。结果显示,各实验组的肠淀粉酶和胃蛋白酶活性、血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、溶菌酶(LZM)活性、免疫球蛋白M和补体(C3和C4)浓度均随着饲料Ile水平的升高而先上升后下降,这5个指标的较高值出现在18.2 g·kg~(-1)和20.7 g·kg~(-1)组,而较低值则出现在13.2 g·kg~(-1)和25.7 g·kg~(-1)组,上述4组与其他2组差异显著。血清尿素氮和丙二醛(MDA)浓度的变化趋势则与上述7个指标相反,较低值出现在18.2 g·kg~(-1)和20.7 g·kg~(-1)组,且显著低于其他4组。血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性则随着饲料Ile水平的增加而显著升高,18.2~25.7 g·kg~(-1)这4组SOD活性没有显著性差异。综上所述,饲料Ile水平为18.2~20.7 g·kg~(-1)时,卵形鲳鲹具有较好的消化性能和免疫机能。