Effect of fish meal replacement by Chlorella meal with dietary cellulase addition on growth performance,digestive enzymatic activities,histology and myogenic genes’ expression for crucian carp Carassius auratus

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of fish meal (FM) replacement by Chlorella meal (CM) with dietary cellulase supplementation on growth performance, digestive enzymatic activities, histology and myogenic genes’ expression in crucian carp Carassius auratus (initial body weight: 2.90 ± 0.02 g, mean ± SEM). Six isonitrogenous diets were formulated at two cellulase levels (0 and 2 g kg^?1). At each cellulase level, CM was added at three levels of 0, 533.1 and 710.8 g kg^?1 to substitute 0, 75 and 100% of dietary FM respectively. Each experimental diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups with 25 juvenile fish per fibreglass tank for 8 weeks. Dietary CM substitution significantly increased growth, feed utilization, amylase activity and the expression of Myod, Mrf4 and Myf5, but reduced the Myog expression. Dietary cellulase addition increased hepatosomatic and viscerosomatic index, lipase activity and the expression of Mrf4, but reduced trypsin activity and the expression of Myog and Myf5. Dietary CM substitution enlarged the cell size and also caused some karyopyknosis in liver. Our results showed that CM could totally replace FM in diets; dietary cellulase supplementation at the level of 2 g kg^?1 played a subtle role in improving growth and feed utilization for crucian carp.     

Effect of cortisol and triiodothyronine bath treatments on the digestive enzyme profile and growth of Catla catla larvae during ontogenic development

Digestive enzyme profile is a good indicator of the nutritional and health status of the fish. The present investigation aims to evaluate the effect of exogenous bath treatment of hormones, cortisol and triiodothyronine, on the digestive enzyme activities and growth of carp Catla catla (Ham.) during ontogenic development. Catla larvae (4 days old) were given bath treatment with cortisol (hydrocortisone, 0.2 mg L^?1), 3,5,3′‐triiodothyronine (T3, 2.5 mg L^?1) and a combination of cortisol and T3 for 30 min. Digestive enzyme profile was recorded on every third day and was continued for 30 days. Larvae were fed with live food for initial 14 days and then weaned to mix feeding of live food and prepared diet. Significantly (P < 0.05) higher amylase, total protease, trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, chitinase and chitinobiase activities were found in the hormone‐treated groups compared to the control one during ontogenic development. Among the treated groups, amylase activity was highest in cortisol‐treated larvae. Total protease, trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, chitinase and chitinobiase activities were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in larvae exposed at combined treatment of cortisol and T3 compared to the other two groups in most sampling days. Average length, weight and specific growth rate of treated larvae were higher compared to the control one. The combined bath treatment of cortisol and triiodothyronine influenced the digestive enzyme activities of catla larvae and thereby enhanced the growth at early developmental stage. This helps the larvae to overcome the problems associated with early developmental stage.     

Effect of starvation on the performance of baby octopus (Robsonella fontaniana) paralarvae

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of short‐ and long‐term starvation on paralarvae from hatching and compare to fed paralarvae. In the continuous starvation treatments, paralarvae at hatching were left without food as independent treatments for 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 15 days. In the fed treatments, the newly hatched paralarvae were fed for five and eight days; then each group was left in starvation as independent treatments for 3, 5 and 7 days. After any experimental starvation period, the paralarvae were fed for five more days to evaluate their recovery. Paralarvae exposed to continuous starvation from hatching endured up to 8 days after hatching (8 SDAH) showing significant recovery. Its survival decreased proportionally to the days of starvation, without any recovery after 12 DAH. Fed paralarvae (5 and 8 FDAH), resulted in significant differences accordingly to the length of the starvation period. Paralarvae left under permanent starvation showed a noticeable decrease in their arm/mantle length ratio and an atrophy of the digestive gland was observed. Amino acids were used primarily as energy source by paralarvae, particularly in the second week of starvation. It is discussed the critical age to avoid deleterious effects of starvation on paralarvae.     

饲料异亮氨酸水平对卵形鲳鲹消化酶活性和免疫指标的影响

实验旨在研究饲料异亮氨酸(Ile)水平对卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)消化酶活性和免疫指标的影响。以鱼粉、豆粕、花生粕和L-晶体氨基酸为蛋白源,配制含粗蛋白430 g·kg~(-1)的6种等氮饲料,各组分别含有13.2 g·kg~(-1)、15.7 g·kg~(-1)、18.2 g·kg~(-1)、20.7 g·kg~(-1)、23.2 g·kg~(-1)和25.7g·kg~(-1)(以干物质计)异亮氨酸。每组3个重复,每个重复随机放置20尾鱼[初始体质量(6.36±0.03)g],实验时长8周。结果显示,各实验组的肠淀粉酶和胃蛋白酶活性、血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、溶菌酶(LZM)活性、免疫球蛋白M和补体(C3和C4)浓度均随着饲料Ile水平的升高而先上升后下降,这5个指标的较高值出现在18.2 g·kg~(-1)和20.7 g·kg~(-1)组,而较低值则出现在13.2 g·kg~(-1)和25.7 g·kg~(-1)组,上述4组与其他2组差异显著。血清尿素氮和丙二醛(MDA)浓度的变化趋势则与上述7个指标相反,较低值出现在18.2 g·kg~(-1)和20.7 g·kg~(-1)组,且显著低于其他4组。血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性则随着饲料Ile水平的增加而显著升高,18.2~25.7 g·kg~(-1)这4组SOD活性没有显著性差异。综上所述,饲料Ile水平为18.2~20.7 g·kg~(-1)时,卵形鲳鲹具有较好的消化性能和免疫机能。     

酶制剂在家禽生产中研究进展及应用

酶制剂是一种功能性饲料添加剂,在家禽养殖中应用可以促进营养物质的消化吸收,提高生产性能,减少环境污染.文章综述酶制剂在家禽养殖中的研究进展,提出酶制剂的未来发展趋势,为酶制剂在家禽生产中的应用提供参考.     

外源酶和柠檬酸对奥尼罗非鱼内源消化酶活性的影响

分别研究了饲料中添加外源消化酶、非淀粉多糖酶、植酸酶和柠檬酸对奥尼罗非鱼内源消化酶活性的影响。实验结果表明,与对照组相比,饲料中分别添加15g·kg-1和30g·kg-1的消化酶制剂,胃、肝胰脏、肠道蛋白酶活性分别升高了22.3%、17.7%、12.5%(P<0.05)和42.0%、25.2%、16.5%(P<0.01),肝胰脏、肠道淀粉酶活性分别升高了62.4%、28.8%(P<0.05)和54.0%、27.4%(P<0.05),肠道脂肪酶活性分别升高了23.2%(P<0.05)和43.6%(P<0.01);添加1g·kg-1非淀粉多糖酶和植酸酶,肝胰脏、肠道淀粉酶活性分别上升11.4%、49.5%(P<0.01)和14.0%、24.1%(P<0.05),对胃、肝胰脏、肠道蛋白酶活性无显著影响;饲料中添加10g·kg-1柠檬酸使胃蛋白酶活性提高29.6%(P<0.01),肠道蛋白酶活性下降35.1%(P<0.01),肝胰脏和肠道淀粉酶分别上升30.7%和29.4%(P<0.01);饲料中添加非淀粉多糖酶、植酸酶和柠檬酸对肠道脂肪酶活性均无显著影响。     

发酵豆粕替代鱼粉对大口黑鲈幼鱼生长、饲料利用和消化酶活力的影响

为研究发酵豆粕替代鱼粉对大口黑鲈生长、饲料效率、表观消化率和消化酶活力的影响,以枯草芽孢杆菌有氧发酵豆粕替代部分鱼粉配置5组等氮、等能的实验饲料。发酵豆粕的添加量为0%（FM组）、10%(FSM10组)、15%(FSM20组)、20%(FSM30组)、25%(FSM40组),分别替代0%、10%、20%、30%、40%的鱼粉。初始体质量(19.83±0.33) g的大口黑鲈,随机分成5个组,每个组3个重复,每个重复 30 尾鱼,每天饲喂2次( 7: 00和17: 00),养殖75d。结果显示：各组饲料系数无显著性差异,FSM20和FSM30组的均末重和特定生长率显著高于其他各组;各组蛋白质效率无显著性差异,FSM组的摄食量显著高于FM组,FSM40组的蛋白质沉积率和脂肪沉积率显著低于其他组;各组全鱼粗蛋白无显著性差异,在FSM20组出现最大值;FSM组的全鱼粗脂肪显著低于FM组;各组之间的蛋白质消化率和脂肪消化率无显著性差异,FSM30和FSM40的干物质表观消化率显著低于其他组;低于15%（FSM20组）替代,FSM组与FM组的蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活力无显著差异。     

不同乳制品体外消化特性研究

为探究不同乳制品在体外消化过程中的消化特性,以消化液中各营养素含量为评价指标,对超高温灭菌乳、酸奶、奶粉、干酪、炼乳和稀奶油6种乳制品进行体外模拟消化试验。结果表明：经口腔、胃、肠模拟消化后,6种乳制品的蛋白质、脂肪、还原糖、总氨基酸、谷氨酸、游离脂肪酸、葡萄糖、钙离子、维生素B2消化程度均逐渐增大。在不同消化阶段,同种乳制品营养素的消化行为有所差异,不同乳制品营养素的消化行为也有差异。最终消化液中干酪的蛋白质、总氨基酸、谷氨酸、游离脂肪酸和钙离子含量在6种制品中均为最高,分别为181.84 mg/mL、153.57 μmol/mL、48.63 μmol/mL、2 237.03 μmol/L和20.44 mmol/L;炼乳的还原糖、葡萄糖、维生素B2含量在6种制品中均居首位,分别为394.23 mg/100 g、601.36 mmol/L和4 411.73μg/100mL;稀奶油的脂肪含量最高,为32.04mg/mL。分析6种乳制品最终消化液中的营养素含量,得到消化程度由高到低的排序为：干酪＞稀奶油＞炼乳＞奶粉＞超高温灭菌乳＞酸奶。     

高体革鯻消化道发生的组织学观察

利用形态学和连续组织切片技术,对出膜后1～30d的高体革(鱼刺)消化系统胚后发育的组织形态学进行了系统观察和研究。结果表明,培养水温在26.6～29.7℃条件下,高体革(鱼刺)初孵仔鱼消化管为一柱形盲管,管腔狭窄,口、肛门尚未与外界接通。出膜30h仔鱼,口开始张开,消化管相通。出膜2d仔鱼肠壁出现皱褶,肠瓣将肠道分为前肠和后肠,在显微镜下可见消化管蠕动。出膜3d仔鱼可以开口摄食,消化管上皮分化,食管中出现黏液细胞,肝脏和胰脏出现,鱼体由内源性营养转入混合营养阶段。混合营养阶段仔鱼消化道明显分为口咽腔、食道、胃、前肠、直肠等,消化腺肝脏和胰脏也已形成,各部分已经有初步结构和一定的消化吸收能力。随着仔鱼的发育,仔鱼消化系统各器官也趋于完善。出膜21d稚鱼的胃壁出现胃腺,标志着稚鱼期开始。     

封闭循环水养殖半滑舌鳎蛋白质的生态营养需要量

研究在封闭循环水养殖条件下,选用半滑舌鳎幼鱼(110±25)g,进行5×3双因素试验,即5种饲料蛋白质水平(43%、46%、49%、52%、56%,以A~E组表示)和3种饲喂饱食度水平(100%、90%、80%,以Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ水平表示),分为15个处理组,每个处理3重复,每个重复25尾鱼,试验期108 d。通过生长、水质、消化酶等指标测定,研究蛋白质营养与饱食度对工厂化养殖半滑舌鳎生长和养殖水环境的影响。结果表明,(1) 随蛋白质水平和饱食度升高,增重率显著提高(P<0.01),E组显著高于其它组13.75%~50.16%,Ⅰ水平比Ⅱ、Ⅲ水平分别显著提高7.57%、14.08%;E组饲料系数显著低于其它各组6.25%~27.44%(P<0.05),但饱食度对饲料系数的影响没有前者对其影响显著,Ⅰ与Ⅱ水平差异不显著,Ⅰ水平比Ⅲ水平显著高5%;鱼体氨氮、亚硝氮、总有害氮(氨氮+亚硝氮)的排泄率显著增加(P<0.01),C组(中蛋白水平)总有害氮比E、D组分别降低64.40%、54.50%,Ⅰ水平分别比Ⅱ、Ⅲ 水平极显著高17.8%、29.2%;(2) 随蛋白水平升高,肝脏和肠道蛋白酶活力增强,E组比其它各组提高10.50%~81.23%(肝)及6.84%~48.90%(肠)。脂肪酶活力降低,E组比其它各组降低2.46%~14.36%(肝)及4.31%~20.58%(肠)。淀粉酶活力先增加后降低,肝脏淀粉酶活力C组最高,且比其它组高8.53%~22.27%,肠道中B组活力最高,比其它组高5.3%~21.93%。随饱食度升高,肝脏和肠道中消化酶活力各组均降低,Ⅲ水平蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶活力比Ⅱ、Ⅲ水平分别降低5.23%~18.07%、6.62%~18.76%和3.91%~10.64%;(3) 通过日增氮量与日总有害氮排泄量的回归分析与模拟测算,获得饱食度Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ水平的蛋白质生态营养需要量分别为48.30%、49.27%和50.67%。生态适宜性饱食度为90%。