四川省高粱种质资源品质性状分析

本文分析鉴定了５２３份四川高粱种质资源的蛋白质，赖氨酸及单宁含量，并讨论了品质性状的改良问题。     

Promotion of intramuscular fat accumulation in porcine muscle by nutritional regulation

Recently, pork with marbling has received attention as good quality pork and scientists are required to develop methods to produce pork with reasonable amounts of intramuscular fat (IMF). The aim of this review is to describe studies relevant to promotion of IMF accumulation in porcine muscle by nutritional regulation. The main focus is on effect of dietary lysine levels. First, we found dietary low lysine up‐regulated glucose transporter protein 4 messenger (m)RNA expression in Longissimus dorsi (L. dorsi) and Rhomboideus muscles. In addition, the proportion of oxidative fiber of both muscles was also enhanced by dietary low lysine. Because it has been observed that higher oxidative capacity is associated with higher IMF content, we hypothesized that dietary low lysine would promote IMF accumulation. Further, higher mRNA abundance of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ, a master regulator of adipogenesis, in both muscles induced by dietary low lysine, supported this hypothesis. Indeed, IMF content of L. dorsi muscle of finishing pigs given a low lysine diet for 2 months until reaching the market weight was twice that of pigs given a control diet. Possible underlying mechanisms of IMF accumulation in porcine muscle and future perspectives are also discussed in this review.     

Effects of feeding diets containing low crude protein and coarse wheat bran as alternatives to zinc oxide in nursery pig diets

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of crude protein (CP) level in diets containing coarse wheat bran (CWB) with or without pharmacological levels of Zn (provided by zinc oxide: ZnO) on growth performance and fecal DM of nursery pigs. In experiment 1, 360 barrows (Line 200 × 400, DNA, Columbus, NE, initially 5.6 kg) were allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments from d 0 to 21 after weaning with 5 pigs per pen and 12 pens per treatment. Treatments included a positive control diet (21% CP) with 3,000 mg/kg Zn in phase 1 and 2,000 mg/kg in phase 2; negative control (21% CP) with 110 mg/kg added Zn, and 4 diets containing 4% CWB and 110 mg/kg added Zn formulated to contain 21%, 19.5%, 18%, or 16.5% CP. The 2 control diets and 21% CP CWB diet contained 1.40% standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys in phase 1 and 1.35% SID Lys in phase 2, while the 19.5%, 18%, and 16.5% CP diets contained 1.33, 1.25 and 1.20% Lys, respectively, in both phases. Pigs fed the positive control diet containing pharmacological ZnO had increased (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F compared with the negative control and the 21% CP CWB diet. Reducing CP (concurrently with SID Lys) in diets containing CWB decreased ADG and G:F (linear, P = 0.002); however, fecal DM increased (linear, P = 0.005). In experiment 2, two groups of 300 and 350 pigs, initially 7.0 and 6.2 kg, respectively, were used with 5 pigs per pen and 26 pens per treatment. The objective was to determine if adding back essential AA would improve growth performance of pigs fed the low CP diets. All dietary treatments were fed for 13 days, contained 4% CWB, and consisted of: (1) positive control with 2,000 mg/kg of Zn and 21% CP (1.35% SID Lys); (2) no ZnO and 21% CP; and 3 diets with no ZnO formulated to 18% CP and (3) 1.2% SID Lys; (4) 1.35% SID Lys by the addition of feed grade amino acids (AA), and (5) diet 4 with non-essential amino acids (NEAA; Gly and Glu). Pigs fed 21% CP with ZnO had increased (P = 0.001) ADG compared to those fed 18% CP (1.35% SID Lys) with high levels of feed grade amino acids or those fed the reduced SID Lys (1.2%) diet. Overall, G:F was improved (P < 0.001) for pigs fed 21% CP diets and those fed the 18% CP diet with NEAA compared to pigs fed 1.2% SID Lys and pigs fed high levels of feed grade amino acids. Fecal DM was increased for pigs fed the reduced SID Lys diet. In summary, pharmacological levels of Zn improve pig growth performance, but reducing CP (and subsequently SID Lys) decreased nursery pig growth performance.     

北京肉仔鸭蛋氨酸和赖氨酸需要量研究

蛋氨酸和赖氨酸试验各4个处理 ,各设4个重复 ,每重复试验鸭14只。0～2周龄饲粮处理水平分别为 :蛋氨酸0.35 %、0.40 %、0.45 %和0.50 % ;赖氨酸0.80 %、0.90 %、1.00 %和1.10 %。2～5周龄饲粮处理水平为 :蛋氨酸0.25 %、0.30 %、0.35 %和0.40 %;赖氨酸0.55 %0.65 %、0.75 %和0.85 %。测定14日龄和35日龄试验鸭血清尿素氮和尿酸氮含量。结果表明 :(1)蛋氨酸0.35 %处理组的活重和增重显著低于其它各处理组 (P<0.05) ,0.40 %处理组显著低于0.45 %和0.50 %处理组(P<0.05)。饲料报酬0.35 %组显著低于0.50 %处理组。(2)蛋氨酸0.25 %组5周龄体重显著低于其它处理 (P<0.05) ;2～5周龄体增重0.25 %组显著低于0.35 %和0.40 %组(P<0.05)。2～5周龄饲料报酬检验差异不显著 (P>0.05)。0～2周龄和2～5周龄各蛋氨酸水平饲料采食量差异不显著 (P>0.05)。 (3)2周龄体重和0～2周龄体增重以饲粮0.80 %赖氨酸水平组显著低于其它处理 (P<0.05) ,饲料报酬差异不显著 (P>0.05)。 (4)5周龄体重和2～5周龄增重0.55 %处理组显著低于其他处理 (P<0.05) ;2～5周龄饲料报酬0.55 %与0.65 %、0.75 %、0.85 %处理间差异显著 (P<0.05) ,采食量无显著差异 (P>0.05)。 (5)0～2周龄饲粮蛋氨酸各处理对14日龄试验鸭血清尿素氮和尿酸氮无显著影     

Utilization of Ensiled Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) Leaves as a Protein Supplement in Diets for Growing Pigs

Four diets were formulated with protein from fishmeal (FM), groundnut cake (GC), ensiled sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L. (Lam.)) leaves (SP) or ensiled sweet potato leaves with lysine (SPL). In experiment 1, 24 crossbred (Large White x Mong Cai) growing pigs were allocated randomly by sex into four groups of six pigs and given one of four diets. Experiment 2 was conducted using 16 crossbred pigs (Large White x Mong Cai) at four farms. On each farm, pigs were allocated to two experimental groups. One group was fed the FM diet and the other group the SPL diet. In experiment 1, the daily live weight gains (DLWG) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) for the FM and SPL treatments (542 and 536 g/day, respectively) than for the GC and SP treatments (464 and 482 g/day, respectively). Feed intake was highest (2.0 kg/day) for the SPL and lowest (1.7 kg/day) for the GC treatment (p < 0.05) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was highest (3.8 kg/kg gain) for SP and lowest (3.5 kg/kg gain) for FM (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences for carcase measurements among diets (p > 0.05). The feed cost per kg live weight gain was lowest for the SP and SPL diets compared to the FM and GC diets. The results of experiment 2 show that there were no significant differences in feed intake, DLWG and FCR between the two diets (p > 0.05). In conclusion, sweet potato leaves can replace fishmeal and groundnut cake in traditional Vietnamese diets for growing pigs.     

高赖氨酸玉米亲本间遗传距离与杂种优势和配合力的关系

本文以8个高赖氨酸玉米自交系以及这8个亲本的56个完全双列杂交组合为材料,考查产量、品质等14个性状,进行遗传距离分析.结果表明,赖氨酸产量、蛋白质产量、脂肪产量和籽粒产量这4种产量性状的遗传距离与超亲优势、超标优势和特殊配合力之间都不存在显著的相关关系.但有一种趋势,即杂种优势较大的组合大多有较大的遗传距离.亲本的平均遗传距离与一般配合力之间也不存在显著的相关关系.遗传距离分析结果还属于参考性的,在实际育种工作中,进行配合力的测定依然是必要的.     

Digestible energy content of pasture species in growing European wild boar (Sus scrofa L.)

The objectives were to determine the apparent energy digestibility of six pasture species frequently grazed by European wild boar (Sus scrofa L.) and to estimate the digestible energy (DE) consumption from pasture by grazing wild boar. Seven diets were prepared; a base diet (BD) which did not contain any pasture species, diets D1 to D5 which included 75% of the BD and 25% of the dried pasture species Lolium perenne (D1), Festuca arundinacea (D2), Agrostis capillaris (D3), Bromus staminius (D4) or Trifolium repens (D5) and D6 which contained 85% BD and 15% dried Plantago lanceolata. Seven purebred European wild boar (initial liveweight 24.4 ± 0.8 kg, average ± SEM) were given access to the diets following a Latin Square design. The animals received each diet for eight days, with faecal sampling on days 6, 7 and 8. The total apparent DE consumption from pasture by grazing wild boar was estimated using previously collected pasture consumption data from wild boar. The digestibility coefficients and DE contents of the pasture species ranged from 0.29 to 0.65, and 5.8 to 12.6 MJ/kg DM respectively, with L. perenne and P. lanceolata having the greatest digestibility coefficients and DE contents. The wild boar were estimated to satisfy between 52% and 142% of their maintenance energy requirements through pasture consumption. Grazing wild boar are able to utilise an important proportion of the energy present in pasture species.     

饲粮不同采食水平下肉羊氮沉积和尿中嘌呤衍生物排出规律的研究

本试验旨在研究饲粮不同采食水平下肉羊氮沉积和尿中嘌呤衍生物(PD)的排出规律.试验选用12只平均体重为(41.3±2.8)kg的杜寒杂交绵羊公羔,随机平均分为3组,按照自由采食、自由采食量的70％和自由采食量的40％3个干物质采食水平饲喂,试验期为12d,其中预试期7d,正试期5d.结果表明:随着饲粮采食水平的降低,营养物质消化率均显著上升(P＜0.05),粪氮和尿氮排出量均显著降低(P＜0.05),沉积氮与摄入氮之间存在线性相关(R2=0.92).尿中PD排出量和微生物氮(MN)产量均随采食水平的降低而显著降低(P＜0.05),嘌呤氮指数(PNI)与氮沉积率和氮吸收率均表现出相同变化趋势.由此可见,PD排出量与可消化有机物采食量(DOMI)以及MN产量之间均存在线性相关,相关方程分别为y=21.41X-1.81(R2=0.94)和Y=0.91X+2.57(R2=0.94);PNI能够将氮平衡和PD排出量有机结合起来,用于评价饲粮氮的利用效率.     

Effects of different fermented soy protein and apparent ileal digestible lysine levels on weaning pigs fed fermented soy protein‐amended diets

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of different fermented soybean proteins and the apparent ileal digestible lysine levels on weaning pigs fed fermented soy protein (FSP)‐amended diets. In Exp. 1, 70 crossed piglets (6.25 ± 0.40 kg) were used in a 5‐week trial to evaluate two different FSP. In Exp. 2, 20 weaning barrows (6.15 ± 0.45 kg) were used in a metabolism trial to determine the effects of the apparent ileal digestible (1.2, 1.3, 1.4 and 1.5%) lysine levels in weaning pigs fed FSP (5%) diet. In Exp. 1, pigs fed the diet containing Lactobacillus spp. FSP showed higher nitrogen (N) digestibility (P < 0.05), lower blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels (P < 0.05) than those fed the Aspergillus oryzae FSP diet. In Exp. 2, increasing dietary lysine levels increased the average daily gain, apparent dry matter, N digestibility, N retention and essential amino acids in the current study (P < 0.05), with the 1.5% showing the highest value. In conclusion, pigs fed Lactobacillus spp. FSP had a higher N digestibility than those fed A. oryzae FSP. The optimal apparent ileal digestibility lysine level in fermented soy protein diets (3550 kcal/kg metabolizable energy) for maximizing growth performance and N utilization in the first 7 days (6.25 kg) was 1.5%.     

保护性赖氨酸对荷斯坦牛挥发性脂肪酸及菌体蛋白的影响

本试验选用3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管和十二指肠瘘管的荷斯坦牛,分4个阶段,分别饲喂日粮Ⅰ(基础日粮+保护性赖氨酸Ⅰ30g/d)、日粮Ⅱ(基础日粮+保护性赖氨酸Ⅱ30g/d)、日粮Ⅲ(基础日粮+保护性赖氨酸Ⅲ30g/d)和日粮Ⅳ(基础日粮),研究以不同比例棕榈油脂肪粉包被的赖氨酸对瘤胃液挥发性脂肪酸和菌体蛋白的影响。结果表明,添加瘤胃保护性赖氨酸对瘤胃液挥发性脂肪酸和菌体蛋白均无明显影响(P>0.05)。瘤胃保护性氨基酸没有改变瘤胃内环境,不影响瘤胃微生物的生长和菌体蛋白的合成。