灌溉水盐分组成对土壤水盐迁移参数的影响

淡水资源不足和盐渍化是干旱地区农业生产的限制因子。研究水盐迁移参数是水盐调控的重要目标。为此,该研究以甘肃省秦安县兴国镇果园土样为研究对象,采用水平土柱入渗法,探讨不同盐溶液(氯化钠、氯化钠和氯化镁、氯化钠和氯化钙、氯化钠和氯化钾)在矿化度均为3 g/L的条件下对土壤水分扩散率和盐分离子水平迁移的影响。结果表明:不同盐分组成的灌溉水质和含水率对土壤水分扩散率的影响均达极显著水平(P0.01)。在灌溉水矿化度均为3 g/L的条件下,氯化钠盐溶液传输水分的潜在能力最大,加入一定的复盐对水分的传导起到阻滞作用,阻滞能力的大小是:氯化钙氯化钾氯化镁。不同盐分组成的灌溉水对土壤碳酸氢根和硫酸根的水平迁移具有显著的影响(P0.05),对盐分、钙离子和钠离子水平迁移具有极显著的影响(P0.01)。入渗距离对土壤pH的影响以及灌溉水盐分组成对土壤钠吸附比的影响均达显著水平(P0.05)。灌溉水盐分组成对模型参数初始值和终止值有显著的影响,参数初始值和终止值均呈现:氯化钠氯化钠和氯化镁氯化钠和氯化钾氯化钠和氯化钙。因此,从微咸水利用和盐渍化土壤改良的角度考虑,在微咸水灌溉中加入一定量的钙制剂可抑制水分扩散和降低土壤盐分含量;从灌溉方法来看,需从地块的两端轮换灌溉可预防地块一端脱盐而另一端积盐的现象。这一研究结果对于指导干旱、半干旱地区微咸水利用具有重要的科学意义。     

黄土高原藓类生物结皮对表层土壤水分运动参数的影响

生物结皮普遍存在于干旱和半干旱地区土壤表层,对土壤水分有重要影响。为了进一步探究生物结皮对表层土壤水力学特性和水分运动过程的影响,该研究以黄土高原风沙土和黄绵土上发育的藓结皮为研究对象,通过野外采样与室内试验相结合,测定了藓结皮覆盖土壤和无结皮土壤的Boltzmann变换参数、土壤水分扩散率、入渗过程、比水容量和非饱和导水率,对比分析了有无藓结皮覆盖对表层土壤水分运动参数的影响。结果表明:藓结皮覆盖抑制了表层土壤水分的扩散,藓结皮覆盖土壤的Boltzmann变换参数和水分扩散率分别比无结皮土壤降低7.9%～27.3%和99.2%～99.6%;藓结皮覆盖后表层土壤渗透性显著降低,其水分入渗参数(初始入渗率、稳定入渗率、平均入渗率、累积入渗量)和非饱和导水率分别降低了17.1%～55.4%和84.8%～92.3%;藓结皮显著提升了表层土壤的持水和供水能力,藓结皮层的水分常数(田间持水量、萎蔫系数、重力水含量、有效水含量和易利用水含量)比无结皮土壤高40.9%～1 233.3%,土壤水吸力在100k Pa时的比水容量比无结皮土壤高7.4%～1 540.5%;相比黄绵土,藓结皮覆盖对风沙土的渗透性影响较小,而对土壤持水和供水性的影响较大。综上,黄土高原藓结皮覆盖降低了土壤渗透性,同时显著提高了表层土壤的水分有效性,这可能导致土壤表层在雨后截留较多水分,进而使土壤水分分布趋于浅层化,并改变该地区的土壤水分有效性和植物水分利用策略。     

基于伴随方程法的鱼饲料热特性参数反演

比热、导热率和导温系数是鱼饲料重要的热特性参数,其在干燥及冷却工艺参数的调整、饲料湿热传递仿真模拟研究中均有重要应用。为了探究鱼饲料的热特性,同时探究反演算法求解饲料热特性的适应性,该研究以草鱼（成鱼）膨化饲料为研究对象,建立基于伴随方程法的反演模型;利用自行搭建的热传导试验装置并配合红外热像仪（测温精度±0.1 ℃）,以获得饲料试样的温度分布规律;利用此数据可反演计算含水率为11%～17%的饲料在20～80 ℃温度范围内的比热、导热率和导温系数。使用差式扫描量热仪（Differential Scanning Calorimetry,DSC）和热特性分析仪分别测量饲料的比热和导热率,并计算导温系数,将此作为实测值;将反演算法所得值作为计算值。对二者进行线性拟合,决定系数R2均大于0.980,说明比热和导热率的计算值与实测值的误差较小,结果表明基于反演算法的鱼膨化饲料热特性参数测定方法是可行的。同时,结果表明,草鱼膨化饲料在11%～17%含水率和20～80 ℃温度范围内的比热为1.710～1.840 kJ/(kg?℃)。饲料比热随温度的增大而显著增大（P<0.05）。当含水率由11%增大至17%时,饲料的比热显著增加（P<0.05）,且呈线性规律。饲料的导热率为0.086～0.148 W/(m?K),当温度由20 ℃增大至80 ℃时,草鱼膨化饲料导热率显著增大（P<0.05）;含水率对其影响同样显著（P<0.05）。饲料的导温系数为5.701～10.003 m2/s,且受温度和含水率的影响均显著（P<0.05）。研究可为鱼饲料热特性参数的测定提供一种新思路。     

斥水土壤的水力参数及水平吸渗规律

为了对不同斥水程度土壤的水力性质进行分析,对比了van Genuchten和Brooks-Corey模型对于不同斥水程度下的塿土、砂姜黑土、盐碱土和砂土的适用性;进行了一维水平吸渗试验,分别运用Philip模型和Kostiakov公式对入渗规律进行了模拟,并分析了吸渗率和斥水持续时间的关系;采用水平吸渗法推求了土壤非饱和扩散率,并用指数函数拟合了非饱和扩散率和体积含水率的关系.结果表明:van Genuchten和Brooks-Corey模型对亲水和斥水土壤均具有较好的适用性;斥水性土壤的累积入渗量随时间变化曲线在一定时刻发生转折,未转折前Kostiakov公式的模拟结果比Philip模型好;当斥水时间大于40 s时,吸渗率的变化趋于稳定并在0~0.1 cm/min0.5内变化;非饱和扩散率和体积含水率关系的模拟可采用指数关系,且其对亲水性土壤的模拟效果优于斥水性土壤.斥水土壤的水力参数与亲水土壤的有明显差别,且表现出特殊性.     

Nitrous oxide emissions and controls as influenced by tillage and crop residue management strategy

Mixed responses of soil nitrous oxide (N₂O) fluxes to reduced tillage/no-till are widely reported across soil types and regions. In a field experiment on a Danish sandy loam soil we compared N₂O emissions during winter barley growth following five years of direct drilling (DD), reduced tillage (RT) or conventional tillage (CT). Each of these tillage treatments further varied in respect to whether the resulting plot crop residues were retained (+Res) or removed (−Res). Sampling took place from autumn 2007 to the end of spring 2008. Overall N₂O emissions were 27 and 26% lower in DD and RT, respectively, relative to N₂O emissions from CT plots (P < 0.05). We observed that in residue removal scenarios N₂O emissions were similar for all tillage treatments, but in residue retention scenarios N₂O emissions were significantly higher in CT than in either DD or RT (P < 0.05). Irrespective of residue management, N₂O emissions from DD and RT plots never exceeded emissions from CT plots. Retention of residue was estimated to reduce emissions from DD plots by 39% and in RT plots by 9%, but to increase N₂O emissions from the CT plots by 35%. Relative soil gas diffusivity (Rdiff), soil NO₃-N, soil temperature, tillage and residue were important driving factors for N₂O emission (P < 0.05). A multiple linear regression model using Rdiff to represent the water factor explained N₂O emissions better than a water-filled pore space (WFPS) based model, suggesting a need for review of the current use of WFPS in N₂O prediction models. We conclude that on light textured soils, no-till has the potential for reducing N₂O emissions when crop residues are returned to the soil.     

应用三次样条函数计算土壤水分扩散率

采用三次样条函数计算土壤含水量分布,用土壤含水量分布计算土壤水分扩散率,并将其与Bruce 和Klute方法的结果进行比较,结果表明:除了土壤含水量在接近饱和时计算结果偏差较大外,采用三次样条函数得出的土壤水分扩散率与经典的Bruce和Klute方法结果接近。因此,三次样条函数法是计算土壤水分扩散率的一种简便可行的方法。     

Gas Diffusion Coefficient of Undisturbed Peat Soils

Determination of the gas diffusion coefficient D _s of peat soils is essential to understand the mechanisms of soil gas transport in peatlands, which have been one of major potential sources of gaseous carbons. In the present study, we aimed at determining the D _s of peat soils for various values of the air-filled porosity a and we tested the validity of the Three-Porosity Model (Moldrup et al. 2004) and the Millington-Quirk model (1961) for predicting the relative gas diffusivity, the ratio of D _s to D ₀, the gas diffusion coefficient in free air. Undisturbed peat soil cores were sampled from aerobic layers in the Bibai mire, Hokkaido, Japan. The MQ model reproduced the measured D _s/ D ₀ curves better than the TPM. The TPM, a predictive model for undisturbed mineral soils, overestimated the D _s/ D ₀ values for peat soils, implying that in the peat soils the pore pathways were more tortuous than those in the mineral soils. Since the changes in the D _s/ D ₀ ratios with the a values of a well-decomposed black peat soil tended to be more remarkable than those of other high-moor peat soils, the existence of a positive feedback mechanism was assumed, such that peat soil decomposition itself would increase the soil gas diffusivity and promote soil respiration.     

土壤温度系中瞬时现象重要性研究

The primary objective of this study was to investigate the impact of observation scale on the estimation of soil thermal properties. Transients are usually filtered out and ignored when classical Fourier approaches are used to deconstruct and model temperature time series. It was hypothesized that examination of such transients may be more important in identifying and quantifying short-term perturbations in internal soil heat transfer induced by agronomic disturbances. Data-logged temperatures were collected at 10-minute intervals from thermistor probes installed at 10 and 25 cm depths in isolated areas of two grassed plots. One plot （6T） had been treated twice with 6 Mg ha^-1 composted turkey litter as received. The other plot （NPK） was fertilized at the same time with NPK fertilizer. Various methods were used to analyze the series to obtain apparent soil thermal diffusivity （D-value） at various time scales. Results supported the hypothesis that short-term differences in internal soil heat transfer between the 6T and NPK plots were more manifest and effectively captured by estimated D-values calculated from the monthly and daily partial series. The 6T plot had higher soil organic matter content than the NPK plot and had lower apparent soil thermal diffusivity. Diurnal soil temperature amplitudes, required to calculate the mean D-values from partial series, were more effectively obtained using a temperature change rate method. The more commonly used Fourier analysis tended to be effective for this purpose when the partial series reasonably presented well-defined diurnal patterns of increasing and decreasing temperatures.     

承德围场地区土壤水分扩散率的研究

通过试验研究了承德围场地区的土壤水分扩散率,结果表明:土壤剖面的水分扩散率在1.0×10-2~1.6×10 cm2/min变化,尤以第2层即耕作层土壤水分扩散率最大,第3层最小。扩散率与含水量符合经验公式D()θ=aebθ,呈指数函数变化,经统计分析均达到显著水平;土壤容重、孔隙大小、孔隙类型及土壤颗粒组成中粘粒含量对土壤水分扩散率都有一定的影响。     

溶质种类和浓度对棕壤土水分扩散率的影响

通过水平土柱入渗法,采用KCl、KH2PO4、(NH4)2SO43种不同溶质,配制成浓度分别为5‰、10‰、20‰、35‰、50‰的入渗溶液,对溶质种类和溶液浓度对棕壤土水分扩散率的影响进行了研究。结果表明,同一溶质,体积含水率θ<30%时,土壤水分扩散率随浓度降低而增大。入渗溶液浓度相同时,入渗溶液为KCl的土柱的土壤水分扩散率始终大于入渗溶液为KH2PO4的。对扩散率与含水率之间的关系采用多种曲线拟合的结果表明,指数函数拟合效果最佳。