土壤结构改良剂对土壤水动力学参数的影响

该文研究土壤结构改良剂对土壤水分动力学参数的影响。通过对试验数据进行初步分析后得出：加入土壤结构改良剂后，土壤饱和导水率有所提高；各处理的非饱和扩散率与对照相比，施加土壤结构改良剂的处理，在水平土柱试验中，远水端同一距离处土壤含水率要低于对照处理的含水率；土壤结构改良剂具有良好的吸水和保水性能，使得土壤的持水能力增强。在水势相同的情况下，与对照相比，施加土壤结构改良剂的土壤可保持更多的水分，并增加土壤中有效水含量。施加部位不同，土壤结构改良剂对土壤所持水分的含量也有较大差别，说明在实际应用中土壤结构改良剂的施用方法和施用深度也是影响土壤水分状况的一个较为重要的因素。     

滨海盐渍土非饱和土壤水扩散率的研究

本试验采用水平土柱法对三种滨海盐渍土的非饱和土壤水扩散率进行的研究结果表明:三种土壤的非饱和土壤水扩散率变化于0.14～117.32cm~2·min~(-1)之间,比非饱和土壤的离子扩散率大几个数量级;非饱和土壤水扩散率随土壤含水量的增加而升高,符合 D(θ)=ae~(bθ)经验公式;含水量与 Boltzmann 变换参数λ之间的关系为(λ)随含水量的下降而降低;在质地相同的情况下,土壤容重和土壤孔隙度均对非饱和土壤水扩散率有很大的影响,但土壤盐分浓度在含水量达0.2cm~3·cm~(-3)以上时对非饱和土壤水扩散率影响不大。     

木材热学性质的理论研究——木材导热系数与导温系数

本文应用物理力学处理问题的一般方法,从理论上研究木材的热学性质。推导出木材的横纹导热系数和导温系数的理论表达式。理论计算值与实验值相比较、符合程度令人满意。     

Root growth conditions in the topsoil as affected by tillage intensity

Many studies have reported impeded root growth in topsoil under reduced tillage or direct drilling, but few have quantified the effects on the least limiting water range for root growth. This study explored the effects of tillage intensity on critical soil physical conditions for root growth in the topsoil. Samples were taken from a 7-year tillage experiment on a Danish sandy loam at Foulum, Denmark (56°30′ N, 9°35′ E) in 2008. The main crop was spring barley followed by either dyer's woad (Isatis tinctoria L.) or fodder radish (Raphanus sativus L.) cover crops as subtreatment. The tillage treatments were direct drilling (D), harrowing 8-10 cm (H), and ploughing (P) to 20 cm depth. A chisel coulter drill was used in the H and D treatments and a traditional seed drill in the P treatment. Undisturbed soil cores were collected in November 2008 at soil field moisture capacity from the 4-8 and 12-16 cm depths.We estimated the critical aeration limit from either 10% air-filled porosity (ε_a) or relative gas diffusivity (D/D₀) of 0.005 or 0.02 and found a difference between the two methods. The critical limit of soil aeration was best assessed by measuring gas diffusivity directly. Root growth was limited by a high penetration resistance in the D and H soils (below tillage depth). Poor soil aeration did not appear to be a significant limiting factor for root growth for this sandy loam soil, irrespective of tillage treatment. The soil had a high macroporosity and D/D₀ exceeded 0.02 at field capacity. Fodder radish resulted in more macropores, higher gas diffusivity and lower pore tortuosity compared to dyer's woad. This was especially important for the H treatment where compaction was a significant problem at the lower depths of the arable layer (10-20 cm depth). Our results suggest that fodder radish could be a promising tool in the amelioration of soil compaction.     

土壤盐分对土壤水分扩散率的影响

土壤水分扩散率是土壤水盐运动的重要参数之一。利用水平土柱吸渗法对不同含盐量土壤的水分扩散率与含水量之间的关系进行了测定,并建立了土壤水分扩散率、土壤含水量与Boltzmann参数间的定量关系。结果表明,不同含盐量土壤之间的水分扩散率存在明显差异,表现在相同土壤含水量情况下,土壤水分扩散率随土壤含盐量的增大而增大;土壤水分扩散率随土壤含水量增大而单调增大,且当含水量接近饱和时,土壤水分扩散率接近无穷,通过建立含水量与土壤水分扩散率的经验函数关系能较好地反映了土壤含水率与土壤水分扩散率间的关系。     

非饱和土壤导水参数的推求

本文根据一维非饱和土壤水分的垂直入渗再分布和水平扩散再分布,采用土壤湿润剖面平均湿度和湿润锋湿度之间函数关系的三种形式,分别推导出非饱和土壤导水率,水分扩散率,比水容量的解析表达式,解析表达式中仅有四个独立参数,均可通过实验数据的简单拟合而得到.与其它方法相比,这种新的推求方法具有花费少、准确度高和测定范围大等特点.     

基于圆筒瞬态热流法的短粒型稻谷导温系数的测定

根据圆筒瞬态热流法的理论模型 ,利用自制的导温系数测定仪 ,对产于我国南方地区的短粒型稻谷的导温系数进行了测定 ,并研究了含水率对稻谷导温系数的影响。结果显示 ,在 2 0～ 80℃的温度范围内 ,对于含水率在 6 .4 8%～ 19.8%的稻谷 ,其导温系数与含水率之间不具有线性相关性。置信度为 95 %时 ,短粒型稻谷的导温系数为 (0 .14 6± 0 .0 0 3)μm2 / s。     

山西省土壤热扩散率和液态水通量密度研究

为研究山西省土壤热性质的时空分布,对各地区土壤热性质进行比较并讨论不同深度土壤层热性质的差异。利用山西省11个地市气象观测站2009年5—10月的浅层土壤温度资料,采用Gao方法研究山西省土壤热扩散率和液态水通量密度。结果表明：（1）山西省的土壤热扩散率k=0.01×10^-6~5.09×10^-6m2/s和液态水通量密度W=-13.28×10^-6~26.92×10^-6m/s。（2）山西省土壤热扩散率和液态水通量密度在垂直方向上不同性。（3）在0.025m层,大同市的k值和W值都是最小的,而晋城市的k值和W值都是最大的。液态水通量密度的最大值都出现在0.025m层。     

Determination of Mass Transfer Parameters During Deep Fat Frying of Rice Crackers

The accuracy of the knowledge of mass transfer parameters(effective moisture diffusivity,mass transfer Biot number and mass transfer coefficient) in the case of frying food,is essential and important for designing,modeling and process optimization.This study is undertaken to develop an approach for determining mass transfer parameters during frying of spherical rice cracker in sunflower oil at 150,170 and 190 ℃.These parameters were evaluated from the plots of dimensionless concentration ratios against time of frying.Effective moisture diffusivity,mass transfer Biot number and mass transfer coefficient ranged between 1.24×10-8 to 2.36×10-8 m2/s,1.96 to 2.34 and 5.51×10-6 to 9.70×10-6 m/s,respectively.Effective moisture diffusivity and mass transfer coefficient were found to increase with an increasing frying temperature,whereas mass transfer Biot number decreased.An Arrhenius-type relationship was found between effective diffusivity coefficient and frying temperature.     

稻谷烘干过程中的水分扩散特性与品质特性

为深入研究稻谷高效均匀化烘干过程中的水分扩散与质量转变耦合特性,该文测定了玉香油粘稻谷经50、65、80℃分别烘干时的水分有效扩散系数;检测了以上3种温度分别烘干稻谷的色差、籽粒颖壳断面孔隙率与分形维数及玻璃化转变温度,考察了已烘干稻谷的含水率、硬度、爆腰率、发芽率等过程品质差异。结果表明:玉香油粘稻谷烘干过程的有效水分扩散系数为3.576×10-8e15 684/Tm2/s;随烘干温度增加,籽粒颖壳断面的孔隙率由鲜谷的0.39±0.06依次降为0.22±0.09、0.17±0.04、0.13±0.05,但烘干稻谷的分形维数、色差、玻璃化转变温度则较其鲜谷波动增加;已烘干稻谷的含水率、硬度、爆腰率、发芽率组间差异显著(P0.05)。50℃烘干稻谷的爆腰率、发芽率性能优,宜选为稻谷烘干常用工艺温度,研究结果为稻谷高效均化烘干提供了理论与基础数据参考。